POISONOUS PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK

By U. JOSAU

EFFECTS OF POISONOUS PLANTS ON LIVESTOCK U JOSAU EFFECTS OF POISONOUS PLANTS ON LIVESTOCK U JOSAU WEBSITE: WWWDMLEARNCOM PUBLISHED BY: © DIGITAL MEDIA LEARNING SUITE 1200, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, 60611, USA EFFECTS OF POISONOUS PLANTS ON LIVESTOCK BY U JOSAU ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PORTION OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER, EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY U S COPYRIGHT LAW FOR PERMISSIONS CONTACT: INFO@DMLEARNCOM EBOOK ISBN: 978-93-7743-603-2 FOR MORE INFORMATION REGARDING DIGITAL MEDIA LEARNING AND ITS PRODUCTS, PLEASE VISIT THE PUBLISHERS WEBSITE CONTENTS UNIT-I CHAPTER INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ANTIQUITY MIDDLE AGES AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT MODERN TOXICOLOGY AFTER WORLD WAR II STATUS OF TOXICOLOGY IN INDIA PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION AND ACADEMIC RECOGNITION PUBLISHED TOXICOLOGY LITERATURE CHAPTER DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF TOXICOLOGY DEFINITIONS SUB-DISCIPLINES OF TOXICOLOGY TOXICANT AND TYPES OF TOXICANTS TOXICITY AND TOXIC EFFECTS TOXICITY IN RELATION TO TIME OF DEVELOPMENT AND DURATION OF INDUCED EFFECTS DOSE AND RELATED TERMS SOURCES OF POISONING ACCIDENTAL POISONING MALICIOUS POISONING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS/TOXICANTS INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS ACTIONS OF POISONS FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY INTRODUCTION FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY HOST FACTORS FACTORS RELATED TO TOXICANT OR ASSOCIATED WITH XENOBIOTICS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS NATURAL LAWS CONCERNING TOXICOLOGY INTRODUCTION TOLERANCE DOSE TIME ACTION CURVES DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP GRADED OR GRADUAL DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP QUANTAL OR ALL-OR-NONE DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP STATISTICAL CONCEPT OF TOXICITY VARIABLES OF DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE FREQUENTLY USED TERMS FOR SAFETY EVALUATION OF DRUGS INTERACTION WITH RECEPTORS TYPES OF XENOBIOTICS XENOBIOTIC/DRUG INTERACTION NATURE AND EXTENT OF TOXICITY TESTING HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT INTRODUCTION RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH PRELIMINARY EVALUATION TOXICITY ASSESSMENT EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT CONCLUSION UNIT-II CHAPTER ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF TOXICANTS INTRODUCTION TRANSLOCATION OF XENOBIOTICS ACROSS MEMBRANES MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL TRANSFER PROCESSES OF TRANSPORT ABSORPTION GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) SKIN LUNGS PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION DISTRIBUTION TISSUE PERMEABILITY BARRIERS TRANSFER ACROSS OTHER MEMBRANES FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION AND TISSUE RETENTION BINDING TO BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES AND TOXIC EFFECTS REDISTRIBUTION EXCRETION RENAL EXCRETION BILIARY EXCRETION GI TRACT EXPIRED AIR SWEAT SALIVA MILK VAGINAL SECRETIONS OTHER ROUTES BIOTRANSFORMATION INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONS OF BIOTRANSFORMATION XENOBIOTIC METABOLIZING ENZYMES PATHWAYS OF BIOTRANSFORMATION PHASE I REACTIONS (NON-SYNTHETIC OR NON-CONJUGATIVE PHASE) PHASE II REACTIONS OR CONJUGATION/SYNTHETIC REACTIONS COMPLEX NATURE OF BIOTRANSFORMATION INDUCTION AND INHIBITION OF METABOLIZING ENZYMES INDUCTION OF ENZYMES INHIBITION OF ENZYMES BIOACTIVATION AND TISSUE TOXICITY ELECTROPHILES FREE RADICALS NUCLEOPHILES OTHER PATHWAYS PRINCIPLES AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF TOXICOKINETICS INTRODUCTION ESSENTIALS OF TOXICOKINETIC/PHARMACOKINETIC PRINCIPLES PLASMA DRUG CONCENTRATION VERSUS TIME ORDERS OF RATE PROCESSES TOXICOKINETIC MODELS CLASSIC TOXICOKINETICS NON-COMPARTMENT MODELS/NON-COMPARTMENT ANALYSIS PHYSIOLOGICAL BASED TOXICOKINETICS DETERMINATION OF DOSE/DOSAGE REGIMEN UNIT-III CHAPTER TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING: GENESIS INTRODUCTION CURRENT STATUS TOXICOLOGY TESTING GUIDELINES FOR DRUGS GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES (GLP) PRINCIPLES OF GLP GLP-COMPLIANCE IN INDIA TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING: IN VIVO SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION ADMINISTRATION OF TOXICANTS ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EXPOSURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FATE IN VIVO TESTS ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY TESTS ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TESTING EYE IRRITATION DERMAL IRRITATION AND SENSITIZATION SAFETY PHARMACOLOGY STUDIES SUBCHRONIC TESTS REPEATED DOSE DERMAL TESTS TWENTY-EIGHT-TO NINETY-DAY INHALATION TESTS CHRONIC TESTS CHRONIC TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY (DART) SINGLE AND MULTIPLE-GENERATION TESTS TERATOLOGY PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL EFFECTS SPECIAL TESTS NEUROTOXICITY POTENTIATION AND SYNERGISM TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM COVALENT BINDING IMMUNOTOXICITY IN VITRO AND OTHER SHORT-TERM TESTS ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS LABORATORY TESTS SIMULATED FIELD TESTS FIELD TESTS RISK ANALYSIS TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING: IN VITRO MODELS INTRODUCTION ANIMAL WELFARE LEGISLATION IN VITRO MODELS PERMANENT CELL LINES PRIMARY CULTURES ORGANOTYPIC OR WHOLE ORGAN CULTURES IN VITRO EMBRYOTOXICITY TESTING INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLES OF IN VITRO EMBRYOTOXICITY TESTING USE OF IN VITRO MODELS/ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS RAT/MICE EMBRYOS AS A MODEL USE OF CULTURED EMBRYOS ENDPOINT DETERMINATION FOR IN VITRO TESTING SYSTEMS GENOTOXICITY INTRODUCTION GERM CELL MUTATION DNA MUTATIONS MUTAGENS ARE CARCINOGENS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH DNA DAMAGE AND MECHANISM REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS /GUIDELINES ASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS PROKARYOTE MUTAGENICITY EUKARYOTE MUTAGENICITY PRECLINICAL TOXICOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTRODUCTION SAFETY EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS DISCOVERY PHASE PRECLINICAL TOXICOLOGY TESTING PRECLINICAL DEVELOPMENT PHASE STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY POST MARKET SURVEILLANCE ESTIMATION OF THE DOSE PRECLINICAL SAFETY EVALUATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED PRODUCTS INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS GENERAL PRINCIPLES GENERAL TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE ABSORPTION, DISPOSITION AND CLEARANCE IN RELEVANT ANIMAL MODELS SPECIFIC TOXICITY TESTS PRECLINICAL REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY FOR BIOMATERIALS AND MEDICAL DEVICES INTRODUCTION REGULATIONS OBJECTIVES EXTRACT PREPARATIONS TEST PROTOCOLS SHORT TERM TESTS ACUTE TOXICITY PYROGENICITY HEMOLYTIC PROPERTIES INTRACUTANEOUS/INTRADERMAL REACTIVITY TEST SKIN IRRITATION LONG TERM TESTS DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY/SENSITIZATION TEST IMPLANTATION GENOTOXICITY SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS SUB CHRONIC TOXICITY CHRONIC TOXICITY CARCINOGENICITY DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY (DART) UNIT-IV CHAPTER TOXIC EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES (AGROCHEMICALS) INTRODUCTION DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION INSECTICIDES OC INSECTICIDES OP AND CM COMPOUNDS OP INSECTICIDES OP NERVE AGENTS/GASES OP-INDUCED INTERMEDIATE SYNDROME CMS INSECTICIDES BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES NEW INSECTICIDE CLASSES HERBICIDES FUNGICIDES RODENTICIDES FUMIGANTS ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE NAPHTHALENE (MOTHBALLS) TOXIC EFFECTS OF METALS INTRODUCTION ARSENIC (SANKHYAL, SOMALKAR) MERCURY (QUICK SILVER, LIQUID METAL, PARA, PADARASA) LEAD (SHISHA) COPPER (THAMBE, BLUE VITRIOL) IRON TOXIC EFFECTS OF NON-METALICS INTRODUCTION TOXICITY OF NON-METALICS PHOSPHORUS CHLORINE BROMINE IODINE FOMALDEHYDE (FORMALIN, METHYL ALDEHYDE, METHYLENE OXIDE) NEUROTOXIC AGENTS INTRODUCTION OPIUM (AFIM) DERIVATIVES PETHIDINE (MEPERIDINE) ALCOHOL ETHYLENE GLYCOL CHLOROFORM ETHER CHLORAL HYDRATE (TRICHLOROACETALDEHYDE) BARBITURATES BENZODIAZEPINES HYDROCARBONS DATURA CANNABIS COCAINE STRYCHNINE TOXIC EFFECTS OF CARDIAC POISONS INTRODUCTION OLEANDERS ACONITE NICOTINE (TOBACCO) TOXIC EFFECTS OF ASPHYXIANTS DEFINITION CLASSIFICATION CHEMICAL ASPHYXIANTS SIMPLE ASPHYXIANTS RESPIRATORY/PULMONARY IRRITANT ASPHYXIANTS SYSTEMIC ASPHYXIANTS CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) CYANIDE (PRUSSIC ACID, CYANOGEN) AMMONIA (NH3) WAR GASES LACHRYMATORS (TEAR GASES) LUNG IRRITANTS (ASPHYXIANTS, CHOKING GASES) NASAL IRRITANTS, VOMITING GASES (STERNUTATORS) NERVE GASES VESICANTS (BLISTER GASES) PARALYSANTS (NERVE AND BLOOD POISONS) MISCELLANEOUS WAR GASES TOXIC EFFECTS OF CAUSTICS (CORROSIVES) INTRODUCTION ACIDS INORGANIC ACIDS/MINERAL ACIDS ORGANIC ACIDS ALKALIS DRUG TOXICITY, DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE INTRODUCTION ASPIRIN AND OTHER SALICYLATES PARACETAMOL DRUG DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELICS) LSD PEYOTE AMPHETAMINES (CNS STIMULANT, HALLUCINOGEN) CARBON TETRACHLORIDE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS (ABSTINENCE SYNDROME) TOXIC EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC CHEMICALS DOMESTIC/HOUSEHOLD POISONS OTHER THAN HYDROCARBONS ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS TOXIC EFFECTS OF POISONOUS PLANTS INTRODUCTION ABRUS PRECATORIUS RICINUS COMMUNIS (CASTOR OIL PLANT) CROTON CALOTROPIS SEMICARPUS ANACARDIUM CAPCICUM ANNUM EUCALYPTUS GLOBUS COLCHICUM (COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE) ERGOT FOOD POISONING AND POISONOUS FOODS INTRODUCTION MICROBIAL TOXINS FOOD POISONING MYCOTOXINS ALGAL TOXINS POISONS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN INTRODUCTION ANIMAL POISONS ARTHROPODS ARACHNIDS MYRIAPODS (CENTIPEDES, CHILOPODA) INSECTS CANTHARIDES (SPANISH FLY BLISTER BEETLE, LYTTA) MOLLUSKS (CONE SNAILS) REPTILES LIZARDS SNAKES OTHER REPTILE BITES CHEMICAL FOOD POISONING INTRODUCTION MUSHROOM POISONOUS PLANT TOXINS POISONOUS MARINE BITES AND STINGS POISONOUS FISHES SHELLFISH HEALTH EFFECTS OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS INTRODUCTION REGULATORY ASPECTS OF RADIATION STANDARDS FOR RADIATION EXPOSURE UNITS OF RADIATION TYPES OF RADIATION NONIONIZING RADIATION IONIZING RADIATION UNIT-V CHAPTER BASIC CONCEPTS OF FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND BACKGROUND COURTROOM TESTIMONY INVESTIGATION COLLECTION OF INFORMATION COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS DOCUMENTATION AND DATA INTERPRETATION APPLICATIONS IN TOXICOLOGY INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY ANALYTICAL SCHEMES FOR TOXICANT DETECTION LABORATORY ANALYSES WET CHEMISTRY QUALITATIVE ANALYTICAL TESTS QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL METHODS CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION OF THE POISON CONTROL CENTER ACUTE POISONING DEATHS IN INDIA CAUSES OF POISONING PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL HISTORY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION ANALYTICAL EVIDENCE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF POISONING INITIAL STABILIZATION SPECIFIC MEASURES DECONTAMINATION DIALYSIS NURSING AND PSYCHIATRIC CARE TREATMENT OF POISONING INTRODUCTION SPECIFIC TREATMENT (ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIDOTES)