FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY
CONTENTS SECTION 1 - IPM IN CITRUS GROVES CITRUS PEST MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTHERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN (SPAIN, ITALY AND GREECE) 1 INTRODUCTION 2 MAIN ARTHROPOD PESTS AND CONTROL STRATEGIES 2 1 SAMPLING AND MONITORING 2 2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 2 3 CHEMICAL CONTROL REFERENCES MAIN ARTHROPOD PESTS OF CITRUS CULTURE AND PEST MANAGEMENT IN GREECE 2 PEST STATUS AND CONTROL MEASURES 2 1 THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY, CERATITIS CAPITATA 2 1 1 MONITORING 2 1 2 MASS TRAPPING 2 1 3 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 2 1 4 CULTURAL PRACTICES 2 1 5 BIOTECHNICAL METHODS 2 1 6 CHEMICAL CONTROL 2 1 7 RECOMMENDED IPM STRATEGIES 2 2 SCALE INSECTS 2 2 1 SAMPLING AND MONITORING 2 2 2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 2 2 3 CULTURAL PRACTICES 2 2 4 CHEMICAL CONTROL 2 2 5 RECOMMENDED IPM STRATEGIES 2 3 WHITEFLIES 2 3 1 SAMPLING AND MONITORING 2 3 2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES 2 3 3 CHEMICAL CONTROL 2 3 4 RECOMMENDED IPM STRATEGIES 2 4 THE CITRUS LEAFMINER, PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA 2 4 1 SAMPLING AND MONITORING 2 4 2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 2 4 3 CULTURAL PRACTICES 2 4 4 CHEMICAL CONTROL 2 4 5 RECOMMENDED IPM STRATEGIES 2 5 APHIDS 2 5 1 SAMPLING AND MONITORING 2 5 2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 2 5 3 CHEMICAL CONTROL 2 5 4 RECOMMENDED IPM STRATEGIES 2 6 THE CITRUS FLOWER MOTH, PRAYS CITRI 2 6 1 SAMPLING AND MONITORING 2 6 2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES 2 6 3 CHEMICAL CONTROL 2 6 4 RECOMMENDED IPM STRATEGIES 2 7 THRIPS 2 8 MITE PESTS 2 8 1 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES 2 8 2 CHEMICAL CONTROL 2 8 3 RECOMMENDED IPM STRATEGIES 3 ARTHROPOD IPM IN CITRUS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN CITRUS IN SPAIN: FROM CLASSICAL TO CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE ORIGINS: CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN CITRUS 3 AUGMENTATION VERSUS INOCULATION 4 FORTUITIOUS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 5 THE CORNERSTONE: CONSERVATION 5 1 THE FIRST STEP: PESTICIDE SIDE-EFFECT TESTING 5 2 ALTERNATIVE HOST AND BANKER PLANTS 5 3 GROUND COVER MANGEMENT STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS CITRUS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN ITALY 2 MAIN PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL METHODS 2 1 AONIDIELLA AURANTII (MASKELL) 2 2 ASPIDIOTUS NERII BOUCHÉ 2 3 PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA (STAINTON) 2 4 PLANOCOCCUS CITRI (RISSO) 2 5 CERATITIS CAPITATA (WIEDEMANN) 3 SECONDARY PESTS ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN FLORIDA CITRUS ORCHARDS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 IPM OF THE DIAPREPES-PHYTOPHTHORA COMPLEX 2 1 DIAPREPES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2 2 EPN BIOLOGY AND USE IN IPM PROGRAMS 2 3 SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOILS, ROOT WEEVILS AND ENDEMIC EPNS 3 FROM AUGMENTING TO CONSERVING EPNS 3 1 SOIL FOOD WEBS AND EPN SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS 3 2 IDENTIFYING FACTORS THAT REGULATE EPN ABUNDANCE AND EFFICACY SECTION 2 - ADVANCED IPM TECHNOLOGIES INTEGRATION OF INSECT AND MITE MANAGEMENT WITH DISEASE AND WEED CONTROL IN PECAN PRODUCTION 1 PESTS IMPEDE THE VERSATILITY OF THE PECAN TREE 2 PEST CONTROL METHODS 2 1 INSECT AND MITE PEST MANAGEMENT IN PECAN ORCHARDS 2 2 PECAN DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2 3 WEED MANAGEMENT IN PECAN ORCHARDS 3 BENEFITS OF CRIMSON CLOVER AND LEGUMES USE IN PECAN ORCHARDS 3 1 PECAN NITROGEN USE AND COMPATIBILITY WITH CRIMSON CLOVER 3 2 ENHANCEMENT OF PEST MANAGEMENT 3 3 SOIL BUILDING AND SUSTAINABILITY 3 4 WILDLIFE BENEFITS 3 5 ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE 3 6 COSTS AND SAVINGS 4 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN PECAN ORCHARDS LOCUST HABITAT MONITORING AND RISK ASSESSMENT USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES 2 REMOTE SENSING, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS), AND GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS (GPS) 2 1 REMOTE SENSING 2 2 INFORMATION EXTRACTION 2 3 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 2 4 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS (GPS) 3 REMOTE SENSING AND LOCUST PEST MANAGEMENT 3 1 DESERT LOCUST BIOLOGY AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS 3 1 1 HABITAT MAPPING AND POST-DAMAGE ASSESSMENT 3 2 MIGRATORY LOCUST BIOLOGY AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS 3 2 1 HABITAT MAPPING AND POST-DAMAGE ASSESSMENT 3 3 AUSTRALIAN PLAGUE LOCUST 3 3 1 HABITAT MAPPING AND POST-DAMAGE ASSESSMENT 3 4 OTHER LOCUSTS PLANT DEFENSES AGAINST INSECT HERBIVORY 2 PLANT DEFENSE MECHANISMS 3 INSECT DIVERSITY AND CROP DAMAGE 4 HERBIVORY 4 1 INSECT HERBIVORES 4 2 PLANT RESPONSES TO INSECT HERBIVORY 4 3 PLANT REACTION TO PREVIOUS HERBIVORES 4 4 IMPACT OF HERBIVORY ON ECOSYSTEM 4 5 HERBIVORE STRATEGIES 4 6 SIMULATION OF HERBIVORY 5 DEFENSE STRATEGIES 5 1 PLANT DEFENSE STRATEGIES 5 2 PLANT RECEPTOR MOLECULES 5 3 DEFENSE GENES IN PLANTS 5 4 TRI-TROPHIC PLANT SIGNALLING IPM OF THE RED PALM WEEVIL, RHYNCHOPHORUS FERRUGINEUS 2 HABITAT, INFESTATION AND DAMAGE 2 1 INFESTATION SPREADING 3 BIOLOGY 3 1 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS 3 2 LIFE CYCLE 3 2 1 OVIPOSITION 3 2 2 FEEDING 3 2 3 LOCOMOTION 4 NATURAL ENEMIES 4 1 PARASITOIDS 4 2 PREDATORS 4 3 PATHOGENS 4 4 NEMATODES 5 CONTROL 5 1 CHEMICALS 5 1 1 SPRAYING 5 1 2 INJECTION 5 2 AGGREGATION PHEROMONE TRAPS 5 2 1 TRAP DESIGN AND COMPONENTS 5 2 2 TRAP INSTALLATION 5 2 3 DENSITY OF TRAPS 5 2 4 UTILIZATION OF PHEROMONE TRAPS 5 2 4 1 TRAPS EFFICIENCY 5 2 4 2 ESTIMATING RPW POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS 5 2 4 3 ESTIMATING REDUCTION OF RPW POPULATIONS 5 2 4 4 ESTIMATING SEX RATIOS 5 3 ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES 5 3 1 PATHOGENICITY TO RPW 5 3 2 FIELD TRIALS 5 3 3 1 INJECTION OF NEMATODES 5 3 3 2 SPRAYING NEMATODES TRUNK SPRAYING 5 4 SOIL TREATMENTS 5 5 SEMI-FIELD TRIALS 10 CONTROL OF URTICATING LEPIDOPTERA OUTBREAKS WITH AERIAL TREATMENTS 2 URTICATING LEPIDOPTERA 3 AERIAL CONTROL SECTION 3 - MITES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND IPM 11 IPM POTENTIALS OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND DISEASES OF MITES 2 VIRUS DISEASES 3 DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA 4 DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI 4 1 ZYGOMYCOTA 4 1 1 COURSE OF INFECTION 4 1 2 NATURAL ENTOMOPHTHORACEOUS INFECTIONS 4 1 3 ROLE OF NEOZYGITES FLORIDANA IN THE FIELD 4 1 4 THE CASSAVA GREEN MITE AND NEOZYGITES TANAJOAE 4 2 DEUTEROMYCETES 4 2 1 HIRSUTELLA INFECTIONS IN MITES 4 2 2 OTHER DEUTEROMYCETES INFECTING MITES 4 3 ASCOMYCOTA 5 DISEASES CAUSED BY EUKARYOTIC MICROPARASITES 5 1 APICOMPLEXA INFECTIONS IN MITES 5 2 MICROSPORA INFECTIONS IN MITES 6 OTHER DISEASES 6 1 SYMPTOMS ASCRIBED TO POOR CONDITION 6 2 IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENS 7 PROSPECTS OF ACAROPATHOGENS FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 12 IPM STRATEGIES THROUGH SPECIALIST AND GENERALIST (ACARI, MESOSTIGMATA) 2 CONCEPTS ON NATURAL ENEMIES AND/OR ANTAGONISTS IN IPM 3 WHY PHYTOSEIIDS? 3 1 MASS REARING 3 2 FITNESS AND ADAPTATION CHARACTERS BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS PHYTOSEIIDS 3 3 LIFE STYLE TYPES 3 4 SINGLE OR MULTIPLE ANTAGONISTS RELEASE 3 5 CANNIBALISM AND INTRAGUILD PREDATION