PHOSPHORUS LOSS FROM SOIL TO WATER
1 INTRODUCTION TO PHOSPHORUS AND WATER QUALITY 1 1 THE ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN ECOSYSTEMS 1 1 1 EUTROPHICATION 1 1 2 CULTURAL AND POLITICAL RESPONSE TO EUTROPHICATION ISSUES 1 2 SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS TRANSPORTED TO SURFACE WATERS 1 2 1 POINT SOURCES (WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS) 1 2 2 NON-POINT PHOSPHORUS SOURCES AND FORMS 1 3 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS LOSSES REFERENCES 2 REDUCING PHOSPHORUS TRANSPORT: AN OVERVIEW OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 2 1 DEALING WITH EUTROPHICATION: TREAT THE SYMPTOMS OR THE CAUSE? 2 2 INCIDENTAL VS LEGACY PHOSPHORUS LOSSES 2 3 LEGACY PHOSPHORUS 2 3 1 PREVENTING LEGACY P FROM OCCURRING 2 3 2 CONTAINMENT OF LEGACY PHOSPHORUS LOSSES 2 3 3 REMEDIATION OF LEGACY PHOSPHORUS 3 PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL STRUCTURES AS A SHORT- TERM SOLUTION FOR THE PROBLEM OF DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS TRANSPORT TO SURFACE WATERS 3 1 PURPOSE, CONCEPT, AND GENERAL THEORY OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL STRUCTURES 3 1 1 HOW THE PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL STRUCTURE WORKS FOR REMOVING THE TARGET POLLUTANT: DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS 3 1 2 CHOOSING THE MOST EF?CIENT TARGET LOCATIONS FOR A PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL STRUCTURE 3 2 EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL STRUCTURES 3 2 1 MODULAR BOX 3 2 2 DITCH-FILTER CONTENTS 3 2 3 SURFACE CON?NED BED 3 2 4 CARTRIDGES 3 2 5 POND FILTER 3 2 6 BLIND/SURFACE INLETS 3 2 7 BIO-RETENTION CELL 3 2 8 SUBSURFACE TILE DRAIN FILTER 3 2 9 WASTE-WATER TREATMENT STRUCTURES 3 2 10 TREATMENT AT CON?NED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS 3 2 11 TREATMENT AT SILAGE BUNKERS 3 3 SUMMARY OF P REMOVAL STRUCTURE STYLES 4 PHOSPHORUS SORPTION MATERIALS (PSMS): THE HEART OF THE PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL STRUCTURE 4 1 WHAT ARE PSMS? 4 1 1 EXAMPLES OF PSMS 4 1 2 CHOOSING A PSM 4 2 WHAT MAKES A MATERIAL AN EFFECTIVE PSM? 4 2 1 P SORPTION CAPACITY AND KINETICS OF P REMOVAL 4 2 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IMPORTANT TO PSMS 4 2 3 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS OF PSMS 4 3 THE PARADOX OF MANY PSMS 4 3 1 POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR PSMS WITH INSUF?CIENT HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY 4 3 2 A NOTE ON THE USE OF STEEL SLAG AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT 5 CHARACTERIZATION OF PSMS 5 1 MEASURING AND ESTIMATING P REMOVAL: FLOW-THROUGH VS BATCH TESTS 5 2 THE P REMOVAL DESIGN CURVE 5 2 1 METHOD FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE DESIGN CURVE: FLOW-THROUGH EXPERIMENT 5 2 2 INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF THE P DESIGN CURVE THROUGH CHARACTERIZATION OF PSMS 5 3 METHODS OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PSMS NECESSARY FOR DESIGNING A P REMOVAL STRUCTURE 5 3 1 MEASUREMENT OF BULK DENSITY 5 3 2 MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY AND PARTICLE DENSITY 5 3 3 MEASUREMENT OF SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY 5 4 METHODS OF SAFETY CHARACTERIZATION OF PSMS 5 4 1 TOTAL METAL CONCENTRATION BY DIGESTION 5 4 2 METHOD FOR WATER SOLUBLE METALS 5 4 3 SYNTHETIC PRECIPITATION LEACHING PROCEDURE (SPLP) 6 DESIGNING A PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL STRUCTURE 6 1 DESIGNING STRUCTURES TO ACHIEVE TARGET P LOAD REMOVAL AND LIFETIME 6 1 1 USE OF THE DESIGN CURVE AND GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR DESIGNING STRUCTURES 6 1 2 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED MASS OF PSM FOR A P REMOVAL STRUCTURE 6 2 SITE CHARACTERIZATION INPUTS REQUIRED FOR CONDUCTING A DESIGN 6 2 1 AVERAGE ANNUAL DISSOLVED P LOAD 6 2 2 PEAK FLOW RATES 6 2 3 HYDRAULIC HEAD AND MAXIMUM AREA FOR STRUCTURE 6 3 DRAINAGE OF THE P REMOVAL STRUCTURE: BALANCING FLOW RATE WITH RETENTION TIME 6 3 1 WATER FLOW THROUGH THE P REMOVAL STRUCTURE 6 3 2 RETENTION TIME 6 3 3 DRAINAGE OF THE P REMOVAL STRUCTURE 6 4 GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING A STRUCTURE DESIGN AND INFORMATION OBTAINED 6 4 1 GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE 6 4 2 GENERAL RESULTS FROM CONDUCTING A PROPER DESIGN 6 5 OPTIONAL: TOTAL AND PARTICULATE P REMOVAL WITH SEDIMENT REDUCTION 6 5 1 ESTIMATING SEDIMENT LOAD REDUCTION 6 5 2 ESTIMATING TOTAL P AND PARTICULATE P REDUCTIONS FROM SEDIMENT REMOVAL WITHIN THE STRUCTURE 6 6 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 6 6 1 FREE DRAINAGE 6 6 2 USING A “CAP LAYER” FOR FINE-TEXTURED PSMS 6 6 3 USE OF FLOW CONTROL STRUCTURES 6 6 4 OVER?OW 7 USING THE PHROG SOFTWARE 7 1 DESIGNING A P REMOVAL STRUCTURE VS PREDICTING PERFORMANCE OF AN EXISTING STRUCTURE 7 2 TWO BROAD STYLES FOR P REMOVAL STRUCTURES: BED VS DITCH STRUCTURE 7 3 SPECI?C INPUTS REQUIRED FOR DESIGN OF A P REMOVAL STRUCTURE 7 3 1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PSM TO BE USED 7 3 2 SITE CHARACTERISTICS, CONSTRAINTS, AND TARGET P REMOVAL GOALS 7 3 3 ADDITIONAL INPUTS FOR PREDICTING PERFORMANCE OF AN EXISTING STRUCTURE 7 3 4 OPTIONAL INPUTS FOR ESTIMATING TOTAL AND PARTICULATE P REMOVAL 7 4 GENERAL OUTPUT FROM PHROG SOFTWARE WHEN CONDUCTING A DESIGN 7 4 1 OUTPUT: PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION SPECI?CATIONS 7 4 2 OUTPUT: PREDICTED STRUCTURE PERFORMANCE AND GUIDANCE IN OBTAINING A SUITABLE DESIGN 7 5 CASE STUDIES USING PHROG TO DESIGN OR PREDICT 7 5 1 DESIGN A DITCH STRUCTURE: DETAILS OF PHROG USE AND EXAMPLE OF HOW TO SIMULTANEOUSLY MEET THE TARGET FLOW RATE AND RETENTION TIME 7 5 2 PREDICT PERFORMANCE OF AN EXISTING DITCH STRUCTURE 7 5 3 DESIGN A SUBSURFACE BED STRUCTURE FOR TREATING TILE DRAINAGE 7 5 4 PREDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF A BLIND INLET AND DEMONSTRATION OF PREDICTING PARTICULATE AND TOTAL P REMOVAL 7 5 5 BIO-RETENTION CELLS 7 5 6 DESIGN A CON?NED BED LOCATED ON A CAFO 7 5 7 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT TERTIARY P TREATMENT AND EXAMPLE USE OF DIRECT INPUT OF DESIGN CURVE COEF?CIENTS REFERENCE 8 DISPOSAL OF SPENT PHOSPHORUS SORPTION MATERIALS 8 1 USE OF SPENT PSMS AS A P FERTILIZER 8 1 1 TESTING PSMS TO DETERMINE POTENTIAL FOR P RELEASE TO PLANTS OR RUNOFF AFTER LAND APPLICATION TO SOIL 8 2 EXTRACTION OF P FROM SPENT PSMS AND POTENTIAL RECHARGE 8 2 1 STRIPPING P FROM SPENT PSMS: IS IT WORTH IT? 8 3 LAND APPLICATION OF SPENT PSMS TO SOILS FOR BENE?TS OTHER THAN P FERTILIZER 8 3 1 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN LAND APPLICATION OF SPENT PSMS 8 4 ALTERNATIVE TO LAND APPLICATION OF SPENT PSMS