UNIT OPERATIONS OF AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING
CONTENTS CHAPTER AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION AND SOME METHODS OF STUDY INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF MECHANIZED AGRICULTURE FARMING OPERATIONS AND RELATED MACHINES FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES BASIC PROCESSES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES PROCESS DIAGRAMS DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS SCOPE PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS UNITS OF MEASUREMENT DEVELOPING A PREDICTION EQUATION BUCKINGHAM’S THEOREM SYSTEMATIC CALCULATION OF THE DIMENSIONLESS PRODUCTS TRANSFORMATION OF DIMENSIONLESS PRODUCTS PROBLEMS CHAPTER ENGINE POWER FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES THE POWER IN FUEL COMBUSTION COMBUSTION CHEMISTRY ENERGY RELEASE IN COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMIC LIMITS TO ENGINE PERFORMANCE HEAT LOSSES AND POWER AT THE PISTONS MECHANICAL LOSSES AND POWER AT THE FLYWHEEL ENGINE TORQUE AND EFFICIENT ENGINE LOADING CONTROL OF ENGINE SPEED ENGINE PERFORMANCE SIMULATOR TURBOCHARGING AND INTERCOOLING ENGINES OPERATION OF TURBOCHARGERS INTERCOOLERS TURBOCHARGING AND INTERCOOLING FOR VERSATILITY SIMULATION PROBLEMS ELECTRICAL POWER FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES 3 1 MOTOR COMPONENTS 3 2 MOTOR CLASSIFICATIONS 3 3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS 3 4 TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 3 4 1 SPLIT-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 3 4 2 CAPACITOR-START, INDUCTION-RUN MOTORS 3 4 3 TWO-VALUE-CAPACITOR, INDUCTION-RUN MOTORS 3 4 4 REPULSION-START, INDUCTION-RUN MOTORS 3 5 THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 3 6 DUAL-VOLTAGE MOTORS 3 7 TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTION MOTORS 3 8 MOTOR NAMEPLATE INFORMATION 3 9 MOTOR STARTERS 3 10 MOTOR ENCLOSURES 3 11 VARIABLE- SPEED ELECTRIC MOTORS 3 12 MOTOR EFFICIENCY MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION V-BELT DRIVES V-BELT TYPES AND STANDARDIZATION V-BELT DRIVE GEOMETRY KINEMATICS OF V-BELT DRIVES MECHANICS OF V-BELT DRIVES STRESSES AND SERVICE LIFE VARIABLE-SPEED V-BELT DRIVES V-BELT DRIVE DESIGN CHAIN DRIVES TYPES OF CHAINS AND STANDARDIZATION GEOMETRY OF CHAIN DRIVES KINEMATICS OF CHAIN DRIVES DESIGN OF CHAIN DRIVES POWER-TAKE-OFF DRIVES 4 4 OVERLOAD SAFETY DEVICES SHEAR DEVICES JUMP CLUTCH DEVICES FRICTION DEVICES FLUID POWER, MECHATRONICS, AND CONTROL BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF FLUID POWER PUMPS VALVES PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES VOLUME CONTROL VALVES DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES ACTUATORS HYDRAULIC MOTORS HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS RESERVOIRS, FLUIDS, FILTERS, AND LINES TYPES OF FLUID POWER SYSTEMS OPEN-CENTER SYSTEMS PRESSURE-COMPENSATED SYSTEMS LOAD-SENSING SYSTEMS PRESSURE TRANSIENTS HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSIONS MECHATRONICS AND SYSTEM CONTROL AN INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS SYSTEM CONTROL PRECISION AGRICULTURE SENSORS SENSOR TYPES SENSOR APPLICATIONS ADVANCED SENSORS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM GPS FOR CIVILIAN USE MILITARY GPS DIFFERENTIAL GPS CARRIER-PHASE GPS REAL-TIME KINEMATIC GPS ACCURACY MEASURES COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM DATA INPUT TO A FIS MAP COORDINATION DATA ANALYSIS IN THE FIS DATA PERSISTENCE VARIABLE RATE APPLICATIONS APPROACHES APPLICATIONS APPLICATION RESOLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS AUTOMATIC GUIDANCE CONTROLLER AREA NETWORKS TRACTOR HITCHING, TRACTION, AND TESTING HITCHING SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES OF HITCHING TYPES OF HITCHES HITCHING AND WEIGHT TRANSFER CONTROL OF HITCHES TIRES AND TRACTION BASIC TIRE DESIGN TRACTION MODELS TRACTION PREDICTOR SPREADSHEET SOIL COMPACTION TRACTION AIDS TRACTOR TESTING BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TRACTOR TESTING OFFICIAL TRACTOR TESTS SOIL TILLAGE TILLAGE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT PRIMARY TILLAGE IN CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE SYSTEMS SECONDARY TILLAGE IN CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE SYSTEMS TILLAGE IN CONSERVATION TILLAGE SYSTEMS MECHANICS OF TILLAGE TOOLS SOIL TEXTURE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS MECHANICS OF A SIMPLE TILLAGE TOOL PERFORMANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS MOLDBOARD PLOWS DISK IMPLEMENTS CULTIVATORS ROTARY TILLERS HITCHING OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS FORCES ON TILLAGE TOOLS PULL-TYPE IMPLEMENTS MOUNTED IMPLEMENTS CROP PLANTING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT BROADCAST SEEDING DRILLING PRECISION PLANTING TRANSPLANTING FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES SEED METERING SEED TRANSPORT FURROW OPENING AND COVERING EVALUATING PLANTER AND TRANSPLANTER PERFORMANCE BROADCAST SEEDERS DRILLS PRECISION PLANTERS TRANSPLANTERS CHEMICAL APPLICATION 10 1 APPLICATION OF GRANULAR CHEMICALS 10 1 1 METHODS FOR APPLICATION OF GRANULAR CHEMICALS 10 1 2 EQUIPMENT FOR APPLICATION OF GRANULAR CHEMICALS 10 1 3 FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES OF GRANULAR CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS 10 2 APPLICATION OF LIQUID CHEMICALS 10 2 1 METHODS FOR APPLICATION OF LIQUID CHEMICALS 10 2 2 EQUIPMENT FOR APPLICATION OF LIQUID CHEMICALS 10 2 3 FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES OF APPLYING LIQUID CHEMICALS 10 3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 10 3 1 UNIFORMITY OF COVERAGE OF GRANULAR CHEMICAL APPLICATION 10 3 2 CALIBRATION OF FERTILIZER SPREADERS 10 3 3 LIQUID CHEMICAL APPLICATION 10 3 4 SPRAYER CALIBRATION HAY AND FORAGE HARVESTING 11 1 METHODS AND EQUIPMENT 11 2 FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES 11 2 1 CUTTING MECHANICS AND PLANT STRUCTURE 11 2 2 CUTTING AND CHOPPING 11 2 3 CURING AND PRESERVATION OF FORAGE 11 2 4 WINDROWING 11 2 5 BALING 11 3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION GRAIN HARVESTING 12 1 METHODS AND EQUIPMENT 12 1 1 DIRECT HARVESTING 12 1 2 CUTTING AND WINDROWING 12 2 FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES 12 2 1 GATHERING, CUTTING, PICKUP, AND FEEDING 12 2 2 THRESHING 12 2 3 SEPARATION 12 2 4 CLEANING 12 2 5 POWER REQUIREMENTS 12 3 COMBINE TESTING FRUIT, NUT, AND VEGETABLE HARVESTING NATURAL CONSTRAINTS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS 13 1 THE FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES 13 1 1 REMOVAL 13 1 2 CONTROL 13 1 3 SELECTION 13 1 4 TRANSPORTATION 13 2 METHODS AND EQUIPMENT 13 2 1 ROOT CROPS 13 2 2 SURFACE CROPS 13 2 3 BUSH AND TRELLIS CROPS 13 2 4 TREE CROPS 13 3 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 13 3 1 AERODYNAMIC CONCEPTS 13 3 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSH AND TREE SHAKERS 13 3 3 VIBRATIONAL DETACHMENT DURING HARVEST 13 3 4 IMPACT MODELS AND MECHANICAL DAMAGE 13 4 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 13 4 1 DAMAGE 13 4 2 EFFICIENCY 13 4 3 RELIABILITY CONVEYING OF AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS 14 1 SCREW CONVEYORS 14 1 1 SCREW CONVEYOR METHODS AND EQUIPMENT 14 1 2 THEORY OF SCREW CONVEYORS 14 1 3 SCREW CONVEYOR PERFORMANCE 14 2 PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS 14 2 1 PNEUMATIC CONVEYOR METHODS AND EQUIPMENT 14 2 2 THEORY OF PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS 14 2 3 PNEUMATIC CONVEYOR PERFORMANCE 14 3 BUCKET ELEVATORS 14 3 1 THEORY OF BUCKET ELEVATORS 14 3 2 BUCKET ELEVATOR CAPACITY 14 3 2 BUCKET ELEVATOR POWER 14 4 FORAGE BLOWERS 14 4 1 THEORY OF FORAGE BLOWERS 14 4 2 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF FORAGE BLOWERS 14 4 3 FORAGE BLOWER PERFORMANCE 14 5 MISCELLANEOUS CONVEYORS 14 5 1 BELT CONVEYORS 14 5 2 BULK OR MASS CONVEYORS MACHINERY SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT 15 1 FIELD CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY 15 1 1 FIELD CAPACITY 15 1 2 FIELD EFFICIENCY 15 2 DRAFT AND POWER REQUIREMENTS 15 3 MACHINERY COSTS 15 3 1 OWNERSHIP COSTS 15 3 2 OPERATING COSTS 15 3 3 TIMELINESS COSTS 15 4 MACHINERY SELECTION AND REPLACEMENT 15 4 1 MACHINERY SELECTION 15 4 2 MACHINERY REPLACEMENT