THE INDIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY.

By LINDA CLARK

INTRODUCTION 1 PRODUCING SUGAR FOR THE WORLD WHERE IT ALL BEGAN CHINESE PLANTATIONS AROUND BATAVIA FROM LUXURY TO BULK: THE REVOLUTION IN SUGAR CONSUMPTION THE ATLANTIC PLANTATION SYSTEM: ITS ORIGINS AND PERSISTENCE EXPLANATIONS FOR THE DIVERGENT TRAJECTORIES TAXATION AND CLASS AND PROPERTY RELATIONS FINANCIAL CIRCUITS IMPERIAL AMBITIONS 2 EAST INDIAN SUGAR VERSUS SLAVE SUGAR PLANTATION EXPERIMENTS IN LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY INDIA RYOTWARI TAXES AND SUGAR EXPERIMENTS IN SOUTH INDIA EAST INDIAN INTERESTS AND NON-SLAVE SUGAR THE RISE OF THE EAST INDIA SUGAR INDUSTRY PLANTATIONS IN SOUTH ASIA? THE DOWNFALL OF INDUSTRIAL CANE SUGAR IN NORTH INDIA SURVIVING SUGAR MANUFACTURERS 3 JAVA: FROM CULTIVATION SYSTEM TO PLANTATION CONGLOMERATE VAN DEN BOSCH AND HIS CULTIVATION SYSTEM THE CULTIVATION SYSTEM AND THE ADVANCE OF WAGE LABOR THE GROWTH OF WAGE LABOR ATTENDING THE ADVANCE OF TECHNOLOGY CONTENTS MARGINAL PEASANTS AND SHARECROPPERS PROVIDING THE LABOR TIED TO THE SAWAH LIMITATIONS OF COLONIAL LIBERALISM FREE LABOR? 4 SUGAR, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY: JAVA AND INDIA IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY THE ROLE OF IRRIGATION NEW MILLS AND OTHER NEW DEVICES STATISTICS AND BOTANY THE BOMBAY DECCAN: THE DOUBLE FRONTIER JAVA: LABOR AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNALISM, BUSINESS, AND BOTANY EVER MORE HANDS ARE NEEDED CANE FIRES, CONFLICT, AND RESISTANCE MULTIPLE RESISTANCE IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY LABOR POLICIES DURING HIGH COLONIALISM CHAMPARAN: FROM INDIGO TO SUGAR AGRICULTURE OR INDUSTRY? 6 ESCAPING THE PLANTATION? THE END OF A GOLDEN ERA SUFFERING FROM THE COLLAPSE OF THE JAVA SUGAR INDUSTRY THE FINAL YEARS OF JAVA’S COLONIAL SUGAR INDUSTRY THE REAPPEARANCE OF THE SUGAR PLANTATION IN JAVA INDIA: PRICE CONTROL, ZONES, AND COOPERATIVES THE SUGAR SYNDICATE, SUGAR FACTORIES, AND CONGRESS FACTORY ZONES, COOPERATIVES, AND GUR IN WEST CHAMPARAN VERTICAL INTEGRATION THE FACTORY COOPERATIVES IN THE BOMBAY DECCAN (MAHARASHTRA) THE PLANTATION AND THE CANE CUTTERS CONCLUSION