ELEMENTS OF FARM PRACTICE
Chapter 1 Physiological Processes Affecting Crop Production 1 Introduction 2 Photosynthesis 2 Process of Photosynthesis 3 Photosynthesis is an Oxidation Reduction Process 5 Photophosphorylation is the Light-Dependent Synthesis of ATP 16 Cyanobacteria are Oxygenic 19 Respiration 30 Process of Respiration 30 Balance with Photosynthesis 34 Classifications of Respiration 35 External Respiration/Gaseous Exchange 38 Types of Respiration 40 Transpiration 45 Regulation 47 Cavitation 49 Translocation 50 Pathway of Translocation 50 Structure of Phloem Cells 51 Mineral Nutrition 54 Role of Nutrients 55 Growth and Development 57 Plant Growth and Development 57 Regulation of Plant Growth and Development 64 Synthetic and Microbial Plant Hormones in Plant Production 78 Seed Dormancy 83 Exogenous Dormancy 85 TABLE OF CONTENTS Endogenous Dormancy 87 What is Germination? 89 Summary 93 Multiple Choice Questions 95 Review Questions 96 References 97 Chapter 2 Factors Affecting Crop Production 99 Introduction 100 Genetic Factors 100 Genetic Control: Overview 101 Factors Affecting Plant Growth and Development 103 Climatic Factors 104 Edaphic Factors (Soil) 111 Biotic Factors 113 Other Factors Include 119 Abiotic Factors 123 Different Types of Abiotic Factors 126 Abiotic Environment 129 Summary 131 Multiple Choice Questions 132 Review Questions 133 References 134 Chapter 3 Crop Production System 137 Introduction 138 Classification of Crops 138 Classification on the Basis of Life Cycle 139 Seed Production and Certification 147 Objective of Seed Certification 147 Eligibility Requirements for Certification 147 Crop Management Practices 149 Crop Production Management 151 Cropping Systems 152 Crop Organization and Rotation 155 Residue Management 155 Harvesting and Postharvest Management 157 Goals of Postharvest 158 Role of Post-Harvest Management 160 Harvesting and Processing 161 Post-Harvest Handling 163 Summary 172 Multiple Choice Questions 173 Review Questions 174 References 175 Chapter 4 Sustainable Production 177 Introduction 178 Goals of Agriculture 178 Definition of Sustainable Agriculture 180 Benefits of Sustainable Agriculture 182 Practices in Sustainable Crop Production 183 Sustainable Farming Methods or Practices 184 Organic Farming 189 Differences between Organic and Conventional Farming Methods 190 Reasons for Organic Farming 191 Nutrient Management in Organic Farming 195 Weed Management in Organic Farming 195 Nutrition Cycle 197 Process of Nutrient cycling 197 Summary 202 Multiple Choice Questions 203 Review Questions 204 References 205 Chapter 5 Issues, Policies, and Trade Agreement Governing Crop Production 207 Introduction 208 Issues in Agriculture Crop Production 209 Issues Relating to Developing Domestic Capacities in Agriculture 209 Issues Relating to Market Access 215 Other Issues 219 Agriculture Policies of Crop Production 221 Agriculture Policy Concerns 221 Policy Tools 227 Objectives of Market Intervention 227 Arguments against Market Intervention 229 The Trade Policy Environment for Agriculture 231 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) 232 WTO Agreement on Agriculture 233 Summary 237 Multiple Choice Questions 238 Review Questions 239 References 240 Chapter 6 Physiology of Plant Stress 241 Introduction 242 Concepts of Plant stress, Acclimation, and Adaptation 242 Plants Respond to Stress in Several Different Ways 243 Adaptation and Phenotypic Plasticity 245 Imbalances of Abiotic Factors have Primary and Secondary Effects on Plants 246 The Light-dependent Inhibition of Photosynthesis 246 Temperature Stress 247 Temperature Stress Effect on Membranes and Enzymes 248 Imbalances in Soil Minerals 249 High Cytosolic Na+ and Cl- Denature Proteins and Destabilize Membranes 251 Developmental and Physiological Mechanisms against Environmental Stress 251 Phenotypic Changes in Leaf Structure and Behavior 252 Plants can Regulate Stomatal Aperture in Response to Dehydration Stress 252 Plants adjust Osmotically to Drying soil by Accumulating Solutes 253 Phytochelatins Chelate certain Ions, Reducing their Reactivity and Toxicity 253 Many plants have the Capacity to Acclimate to Cold Temperature 254 A Large Variety of Heat Shock Proteins can be induced by Different Environmental Conditions 255 Water Stress: Persistent Threat to Plant Survival 256 Water Stress Leads to Membrane Damage 257 Photosynthesis is Particularly Sensitive to Water Stress 257 Stomata Respond to Water Deficit 258 Summary 265 Multiple Choice Questions 266 Review Questions 267 References 268 Chapter 7 Photomorphogenesis 271 Introduction 272 Basic Concept of photomorphogenesis 272 Analysis of Photomorphogenesis 274 The Information Content of Light 279 Natural Light Environments 279 Photomorphogenesis in Natural Light Environments 281 Photoperiodism and plant types 285 Different Types of Plants 286 The Discovery of Photoperiodism 287 Day-Neutral Plants 290 Plant Hormones 290 The Photoperiodic Response 291 The Role of Photoperiodism 292 Perception of photoperiodic Stimulus 293 Flowering Stimulus Florigen 293 Temperature and Marijuana Plants 294 Flowering Plants 295 Plants Hibernate 297 Light Monitoring 298 Phytochrome 302 Phytochrome Exists in two Interconvertible Forms 304 Biosynthesis of phytochrome 305 Phytochrome concentrations vary within the plant 307 Biological Clock and Biorhythm 308 Understanding Biological Rhythms 308 Biological Clock in Mammals 312 Summary 319 Multiple Choice Questions 320 Review Questions 321 References 322