PLANT-BREEDING
1 HARI DEO UPADHYAYA: PLANT BREEDER, GENETICIST AND GENETIC RESOURCES SPECIALIST ABBREVIATIONS I INTRODUCTION II BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH III CONTRIBUTIONS A GENETIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND USE 1 REPRESENTATIVE SUBSETS 2 CLIMATE?RESILIENT GERMPLASM 3 SEED NUTRIENT?DENSE GERMPLASM 4 BIOENERGY 5 GERMPLASM USE IN BREEDING 6 ON?FARM CONSERVATION AND USE OF DIVERSITY 7 WILD RELATIVES AND CULTIGEN GENEPOOL 8 GAPS IN COLLECTIONS B MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOMETRICS 1 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY 2 GENOME?WIDE ASSOCIATION MAPPING 3 CANDIDATE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH AGRONOMICALLY USEFUL TRAITS 4 ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS SHAPED SORGHUM DIVERSITY IN AFRICA 5 GENOME SEQUENCING C GROUNDNUT BREEDING 1 EARLY MATURITY 2 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 3 AFLATOXIN RESISTANCE 4 FARMERS PARTICIPATORY VARIETAL SELECTION D CHICKPEA BREEDING IV UPADHYAYA, THE MAN CONTENTS A PERSONALITY B EDUCATOR AND LEADER C INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS D RECOGNITION 1 AWARDS 2 HONOURS 3 SERVICE V PUBLICATIONS VI PRODUCTS A CULTIVARS B REGISTRATIONS REFERENCES CITED AND FURTHER READING 2 CROP IMPROVEMENT USING GENOME EDITING II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR GENOME EDITING A DEVELOPMENT OF SEQUENCE?SPECIFIC NUCLEASES 1 EARLY NUCLEASES 2 DESIGNER NUCLEASES 3 RNA?GUIDED NUCLEASES B DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS 1 NON?HOMOLOGOUS END?JOINING 2 HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION C MODES OF MODIFICATIONS 1 NHEJ?MEDIATED MODIFICATIONS 2 HR?MEDIATED MODIFICATIONS III PLANT TRANSFORMATION STRATEGIES A AGROBACTERIUM?MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION B PROTOPLASTS AND BIOLISTICS C PLANT VIRAL SYSTEMS IV HARNESSING BREAKS FOR TARGETED MUTAGENESIS A DETECTING AND STABILIZING TARGETED MUTATIONS B TARGETED MUTAGENESIS IN POLYPLOIDS V PRECISION GENE EDITING VIA HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION VI GENOME EDITING AT THE GENOME LEVEL A LARGE DELETIONS B CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS C EPIGENETIC REMODELLING AND BASE EDITING VII FUTURE PERSPECTIVES A NUCLEASE DECISIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS B CROP CHALLENGES AND ADVANTAGES C REGULATION OF NUCLEASE TECHNOLOGY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LITERATURE CITED 3 DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF CMS PIGEONPEA HYBRIDS II REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE AND MORPHOLOGY OF PIGEONPEA A INDUCTION OF FLOWERING B MATURITY RANGE C FLOWER STRUCTURE D FLOWERING PATTERN E POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION F NATURAL CROSS?POLLINATION 1 CROSS?POLLINATING AGENTS 2 EXTENT OF OUT?CROSSING III CROP PRODUCTION A GENERAL AGRONOMY B MAJOR PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS 1 DISEASES 2 INSECT PESTS 3 WATERLOGGING IV EXTENT AND NATURE OF HETEROSIS IN PIGEONPEA V GENETIC MALE STERILITY?BASED HYBRID TECHNOLOGY A GENETIC MALE STERILITY SYSTEMS B HETEROSIS IN GMS?BASED HYBRIDS C RELEASE OF THE FIRST GMS?BASED PIGEONPEA HYBRID D HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY E ASSESSMENT OF GMS?BASED HYBRID TECHNOLOGY VI TEMPERATURE?SENSITIVE MALE STERILITY VII CYTOPLASMIC?NUCLEAR MALE STERILITY?BASED HYBRID TECHNOLOGY A EARLY EFFORTS TO PRODUCE CMS SYSTEM B BREAKTHROUGH IN BREEDING STABLE CMS SYSTEMS C DIVERSIFICATION OF CYTOPLASM 1 A1 CMS SYSTEM FROM CAJANUS SERICEUS (BENTH EX BAK) VAN DER MAESEN 2 A2 CMS SYSTEM FROM CAJANUS SCARABAEOIDES (L) THOU 3 A3 CMS SYSTEM FROM CAJANUS VOLUBILIS (BLANCO) BLANCO 4 A4 CMS SYSTEM FROM CAJANUS CAJANIFOLIUS (HAINES) MAESEN 5 A5 CMS SYSTEM FROM CAJANUS CAJAN (L) MILLSP 6 A6 CMS SYSTEM FROM CAJANUS LINEATUS (W & A) VAN DER MAESEN 7 A7 CMS FROM CAJANUS PLATYCARPUS (BENTH) VAN DER MAESEN 8 A8 CMS SYSTEM FROM CAJANUS RETICULATUS (AITON) F MUELL 9 A9 CMS SYSTEM FROM CAJANUS CAJAN (L) MILLSP D EFFECT OF PIGEONPEA CYTOPLASM ON YIELD E FERTILITY RESTORATION OF A4 CMS SYSTEM VIII BREEDING NEW HYBRID PARENTS A FIXING PRIORITIES B SELECTION OF HYBRID PARENTS FROM GERMPLASM AND BREEDING POPULATIONS C ISOLATION OF FERTILITY?RESTORING INBRED LINES FROM HETEROTIC HYBRIDS D BREEDING DWARF PARENTAL LINES E BREEDING DETERMINATE/NON?DETERMINATE PARENTAL LINES F DISEASE?RESISTANT PARENTAL LINES G USE OF A NAKED?EYE POLYMORPHIC MARKER IN HYBRID BREEDING H FORMATION OF HETEROTIC GROUPS I INBREEDING DEPRESSION IX APPLICATION OF GENOMICS IN BREEDING HYBRIDS A UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR GENETICS BASIS OF THE A4 CMS SYSTEM B TAGGING FERTILITY?RESTORING GENES C ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC PURITY D POTENTIAL ROLE IN BREEDING TWO?LINE HYBRIDS X COMMERCIALIZATION OF HYBRID PIGEONPEA TECHNOLOGY A STANDARD HETEROSIS 1 EARLY?MATURING HYBRIDS 2 MEDIUM? AND LATE?MATURING HYBRIDS B RELEASE OF THE WORLD’S FIRST COMMERCIAL LEGUME HYBRID C HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY D ECONOMICS OF HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION XI OUTLOOK 4 THE EVOLUTION OF POTATO BREEDING II CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED POTATO III ORIGIN OF THE CULTIVATED POTATO IV DYNAMICS OF POTATO LANDRACE EVOLUTION V ORIGIN OF THE EUROPEAN POTATO VI NINETEENTH CENTURY POTATO BREEDING VII EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY POTATO BREEDING VIII CONVENTIONAL POTATO BREEDING IX LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY POTATO BREEDING X TWENTY?FIRST CENTURY POTATO BREEDING A IS TETRAPLOIDY NECESSARY FOR HIGH TUBER YIELD IN POTATO? B WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF MOVING TO THE DIPLOID LEVEL AND DEVELOPING INBRED LINES? C IS IT POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP DIPLOID INBRED LINES IN POTATO? XI CONCLUSIONS 5 FLAVOUR EVALUATION FOR PLANT BREEDERS A SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER B JUSTIFICATION FOR RAPID SENSORY METHODS C HISTORY II TYPES OF RAPID SENSORY ANALYSIS METHODS A PERFORMANCE RELATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL METHODS B METHODS OF RAPID SENSORY EVALUATION 1 EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES METHOD 1: INTENSITY SCALES METHOD 2: FLASH PROFILING MEDHOD 3: CHECK ALL THAT APPLY (CATA) 2 EVALUATION OF GLOBAL DIFFERENCES METHOD 4: SORTING METHOD 5: PROJECTIVE MAPPING 3 EVALUATION IN COMPARISON TO A REFERENCE METHOD 6: PAIRED COMPARISONS METHOD 7: POLARIZED SENSORY POSITIONING METHOD 8: OPEN?ENDED EVALUATIONS 4 USE OF PROFESSIONAL EXPERTS IN EVALUATION C NUMBERS OF ASSESSORS AND NUMBERS OF SAMPLES FOR TRAINED, UNTRAINED AND EXPERT PANELS III DATA ANALYSIS FOR RAPID SENSORY METHODS A PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS B MULTI?DIMENSIONAL SCALING C MULTIPLE CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS D GENERALIZED PROCRUSTES ANALYSIS E MULTIPLE FACTOR ANALYSIS IV EXAMPLE OF USING SENSORY ANALYSIS FOR BREEDING A BACKGROUND, GOALS AND PARTNERS 1 PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT AND PRIORITY SETTING 2 CULTIVAR TRIALS B FLAVOUR EVALUATION METHODS USED 1 EVOLUTION OF FLAVOUR EVALUATION METHODS 2 INTENSITY SCALING METHODS USED WITH CREW MEMBERS 3 CHEF PROJECTIVE MAPPING EVALUATION C STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY 1 ANOVA WITH INTENSITY SCALING METHODS 2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF FIELD CREW FLAVOUR EVALUATION MEANS 3 MULTIPLE FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CHEF PROJECTIVE MAPPING DATA D RESULTS 1 FIELD CREW FLAVOUR EVALUATION WITH INTENSITY SCALING 2 CHEF FLAVOUR EVALUATIONS 3 PARTICIPANT FEEDBACK AND NEXT STEPS V OUTLOOK 6 THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF BLACK WALNUT FOR TIMBER PRODUCTION II BIOLOGY OF BLACK WALNUT A LEAFING DATE B FLOWERING 1 FEMALE FLOWERS 2 MALE FLOWERS C POLLEN COLLECTION D ARTIFICIAL POLLINATION III BREEDING A BREEDING STRATEGIES B SELECTION C AGE?TO?AGE CORRELATIONS D IMPROVEMENT E ANALYSIS IV EVALUATION OF HERITABLE TRAITS A GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION B GROWTH C TIMBER QUALITY D WOOD QUALITY V HOST PLANT RESISTANCE TO PATHOGENS AND INSECT PESTS A INSECT RESISTANCE B ANTHRACNOSE C THOUSAND CANKERS DISEASE D BUNCH DISEASE – WITCHES BROOM VI PROPAGATION A SEED PROPAGATION B GRAFTING C ROOTING VII PLOT MANAGEMENT A PROGENY TESTS B CLONE BANKS C SEED ORCHARDS VIII FUTURE DIRECTIONS 7 A LIFE IN HORTICULTURE AND PLANT BREEDING: THE EXTRAORDINARY CONTRIBUTIONS OF JULES JANICK II HONORS AND COMMENDATIONS III STUDENTS AND TEACHING IV EDITORIAL WORK V BOOKS AND PROCEEDINGS VI RESEARCH A PATENTS B BOOK CHAPTERS, REVIEWS AND INTRODUCTIONS C JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS D POPULAR AND EXTENSION ARTICLES E BOOK REVIEWS F ENCYCLOPAEDIA ARTICLES VII PUBLIC ADDRESSES, INVITED SEMINARS AND SPEECHES VIII SERVICE CONTRIBUTIONS IX EPILOGUE