THE CHEMISTRY OF CATTLE FEEDING AND DAIRYING

By SARAH SMITH

EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING DMI, LACTATING COWS, GROWING HEIFERS, NUTRIENTS AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT RELATED TO DMI OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS, MOISTURE, NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER, FORAGE TO CONCENTRATION RATIO, FAT, COW BEHAVIOR, MANAGEMENT, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FEED INTAKE, EATING HABITS AND COW BEHAVIOR, WEATHER, FEEDING METHOD—TOTAL MIXED RATION VS INDIVIDUAL INGREDIENT, FEEDING FREQUENCY, SEQUENCE OF FEEDING, ACCESS TO FEED, REFERENCES, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF LACTATING AND PREGNANT COWS, ENERGY UNITS, ENERGY VALUES OF FEEDS, ESTIMATING TDN OF FEEDS AT MAINTENANCE, ESTIMATING DE OF FEEDS, ESTIMATING DE AT ACTUAL INTAKE, ESTIMATING ME AT ACTUAL INTAKE, ESTIMATING NEL AT ACTUAL INTAKE, ESTIMATING NET ENERGY OF FEEDS FOR MAINTENANCE AND GAIN, COMPARISON OF NEW NEL VALUES WITH VALUES FROM 1989 EDITION, PRECAUTIONS, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS, LACTATION REQUIREMENTS, ACTIVITY REQUIREMENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PREGNANCY REQUIREMENTS, TISSUE MOBILIZATION AND REPLETION DURING LACTATION AND THE DRY PERIOD, BODY CONDITION SCORING, DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION, DIGESTIBILITY AND ENERGY VALUE OF FATS, EFFECTS OF FAT ON RUMINAL FERMENTATION, UTILIZATION OF FAT IN CALF DIETS, FAT IN LACTATION DIETS, NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES, STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES, NDF RECOMMENDATIONS, ADF REQUIREMENT, IMPORTANCE AND GOALS OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID NUTRITION, MAJOR DIFFERENCES FROM PREVIOUS EDITION, PROTEIN, CHEMISTRY OF FEED CRUDE PROTEIN, MECHANISM OF RUMINAL PROTEIN DEGRADATION, KINETICS OF RUMINAL PROTEIN DEGRADATION, NITROGEN SOLUBILITY VS PROTEIN DEGRADATION, MICROBIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR N SUBSTRATES, ANIMAL RESPONSES TO CP, RDP, AND RUP, SYNCHRONIZING RUMINAL PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION: EFFECTS ON MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, RUMINALLY PROTECTED PROTEINS, PREDICTING PASSAGE OF MICROBIAL PROTEIN, PREDICTING PASSAGE OF RUMEN UNDEGRADABLE FEED PROTEIN, DIGESTIBILITY OF RUMEN UNDEGRADABLE FEED PROTEIN, PREDICTING PASSAGE OF ENDOGENOUS PROTEIN, EVALUATION OF MODEL FOR PREDICTING FLOWS OF N FRACTIONS, PREDICTING PASSAGE OF METABOLIZABLE PROTEIN, METABOLIZABLE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS, MP REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTENANCE, PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR PREGNANCY, PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR LACTATION, PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH, AMINO ACIDS, ESSENTIAL VS NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS, LIMITING ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS, PREDICTING PASSAGE TO THE SMALL INTESTINE, REQUIREMENTS FOR LYSINE AND METHIONINE IN METABOLIZABLE PROTEIN FOR LACTATING COWS, RUMINALLY PROTECTED AMINO ACIDS, MACROMINERALS, CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, SODIUM, CHLORINE, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, SULFUR, TRACE MINERALS, COBALT, COPPER, IODINE, IRON, MANGANESE, MOLYBDENUM, SELENIUM, ZINC, CHROMIUM, ALUMINUM, ARSENIC, NICKEL, SILICA, TIN, AND VANADIUM, TOXIC MINERALS, CADMIUM, FLUORINE, LEAD, MERCURY, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS, VITAMIN A, VITAMIN D, VITAMIN E, VITAMIN K, WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS, B-VITAMINS, BIOTIN, FOLIC ACID, INOSITOL, NIACIN, PANTOTHENIC ACID, RIBOFLAVIN (B2), THIAMIN (B1), VITAMIN B12, B-VITAMINS-GENERAL, VITAMIN C, CHOLINE, WATER INTAKE, DRY COWS, CALVES AND HEIFERS, DRINKING BEHAVIOR, WATER QUALITY, SUMMARY, TRANSITION COWS AND NONLACTATING COWS, NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC STATUS OF THE TRANSITION COW, NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PREGNANCY, NUTRIENT INTAKE, ENERGY AND PROTEIN DENSITY FOR DRY COW DIETS, ETIOLOGY AND NUTRITIONAL PREVENTION OF METABOLIC DISORDERS, FATTY LIVER AND KETOSIS, UDDER EDEMA, MILK FEVER, GRASS TETANY, RETAINED PLACENTA AND METRITIS, DISPLACEMENT OF THE ABOMASUM, RUMEN ACIDOSIS AND LAMINITIS, MILK FAT DEPRESSION, PERFORMANCE MODIFIERS, MINERAL SALTS AND THEIR ROLE AS BUFFERS, IONOPHORES, DIRECT FED MICROBIALS, FUNGAL CULTURES, BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF CALVES, YOUNG REPLACEMENT CALVES FED MILK OR MILK REPLACER ONLY, YOUNG REPLACEMENT CALVES FED MILK AND STARTER FEED OR MILK REPLACER AND STARTER FEED, VEAL CALVES, RUMINANT CALVES (LARGE-BREED AND SMALL-BREED FEMALES) FROM WEANING TO BODY WEIGHT OF 100 KILOGRAMS, EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG CALVES, PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF CALVES, MINERAL AND VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF CALVES, MINERALS, VITAMINS, FEED COMPOSITION DATA WITH APPLICATION TO DIET FORMULATIONS FOR CALVES, OTHER ASPECTS OF CALF NUTRITION, FETAL NUTRITION, COLOSTRUM, WATER AND ELECTROLYTES, MILK REPLACERS, FEED ADDITIVES, PRACTICAL FEEDING CONSIDERATIONS, ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWING DAIRY HEIFERS, TERMINOLOGY, GROWTH REQUIREMENTS AND COMPOSITION OF GAIN, EVALUATION OF MODEL PREDICTIONS OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH OF DAIRY HEIFERS, SETTING TARGET GROWTH RATES, EVALUATION OF TARGET WEIGHT EQUATIONS, MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT EFFECTS ON GROWTH, BASAL MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT, ADJUSTMENT FOR PREVIOUS TEMPERATURE, ADJUSTMENT FOR PREVIOUS PLANE OF NUTRITION, ADJUSTMENT FOR THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF COLD STRESS, ADJUSTMENT FOR THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS, MODEL EVALUATION, NITROGEN, ANALYTIC PROCEDURES, NEUTRAL DETERGENT INSOLUBLE NITROGEN, ACID DETERGENT FIBER, ACID DETERGENT INSOLUBLE NITROGEN, LIGNIN, TOTAL NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES, EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON ENERGY IN FEED, SOURCES OF STARCH, OILSEEDS,