FARMING CORPORATIONS

By H. NOUNR

A THE FINANCIAL CRISIS, ECONOMIC DOWNTURN AND FDI FLOWS *OREDOVORZGRZQLQ)',ÀRZVSURPSWHGE\WKHFULVLV 2 THE TRANSMISSION CHANNELS OF THE CRISIS 3 KEY FEATURES OF THE FDI DOWNTURN AND UNDERLYING FACTORS A THE ROLE OF DIVESTMENTS B MODE OF INVESTMENT (I) LARGE DECREASES IN M&AS LL'RZQWXUQLQJUHHQ¿HOGLQYHVWPHQWVVLQFHHQG 4 UNEVEN IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON DIFFERENT REGIONS AND SECTORS A GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS (I) FDI INFLOWS (II) FDI OUTFLOWS B SECTORAL AND INDUSTRIAL PATTERNS OF FDI B HOW THE LARGEST TNCS ARE COPING WITH THE GLOBAL CRISIS 7KHODUJHVWQRQ¿QDQFLDO71&V A A SLOWDOWN OF INTERNATIONALIZATION IN 2008 B THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL CRISIS ON THE TOP 100 TNCS 2 THE TOP 100 TNCS FROM DEVELOPING ECONOMIES A A GROWING ROLE IN THE WORLD ECONOMY B THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL CRISIS ON DEVELOPING-COUNTRY TNCS 7KHWRS¿QDQFLDO71&V A INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE TOP 50 FINANCIAL TNCS IN 2008 B THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL CRISIS ON THE TOP 50 FINANCIAL TNCS 4 CONCLUSION C FDI BY SPECIAL FUNDS 1 DECLINING FDI BY PRIVATE EQUITY FUNDS 2 FDI BY SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS ON THE RISE DESPITE THE CRISIS FDI BY PRIVATE EQUITY FUNDS AND SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS COMPARED D NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FDI POLICIES 1 DEVELOPMENTS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL A MAJOR POLICY TRENDS B POLICIES INTRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON FDI (I) NATIONAL POLICY MEASURES (II) POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2 DEVELOPMENTS AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL A BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES B DOUBLE TAXATION TREATIES C INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS OTHER THAN BITS AND DTTS D INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT E INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS AND THE FINANCIAL CRISIS (I) INVESTMENT PROTECTIONISM AND IIAS (II) EMERGENCY MEASURES IN RESPONSE TO THE CRISIS LLL5HJXODWLRQRIWKH¿QDQFLDOV\VWHPDQG,,$SURYLVLRQV E PROSPECTS CHAPTER II REGIONAL TRENDS INTRODUCTION A DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1 AFRICA A GEOGRAPHICAL TRENDS L,QZDUG)',ÀRZVFRQWLQXHGWRULVHLQPRVWVXEUHJLRQV (II) OUTWARD FDI: A FEW COUNTRIES DOMINATED B SECTORAL ANALYSIS: FDI FOCUSED ON MANUFACTURING C POLICY DEVELOPMENTS D PROSPECTS: THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN COULD HURT FDI GROWTH, ESPECIALLY IN LDCS 2 SOUTH, EAST, SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND OCEANIA (I) INWARD FDI: DIVERGENT TRENDS AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF CRISIS (II) OUTWARD FDI: STRONG, BUT FALLING B SECTORAL TRENDS (I) INWARD FDI: SERVICES AND MANUFACTURING CONTINUED TO BE TARGETED (II) OUTWARD FDI: RESOURCE-SEEKING FDI ROSE D PROSPECTS: DOWNTURN IS LOOMING 3 WEST ASIA (I) INWARD FDI: 2008 MARKED SIX YEARS OF GROWTH (II) OUTWARD FDI: STRONG DECLINE, ESPECIALLY TO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES B SECTORAL TRENDS: MANUFACTURING UP D PROSPECTS: FALL IN INFLOWS, BUT A POSSIBLE RISE IN OUTFLOWS 4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (I) INWARD FDI: RESILIENT TO THE SPREADING CRISIS LL2XWZDUG)',VKDUSULVHLQRXWÀRZVIURP6RXWK$PHULFD B SECTORAL ANALYSIS: CONTINUED INTEREST IN NATURAL RESOURCES AND RELATED ACTIVITIES D PROSPECTS: GLOOMY IN SHORT TERM, IMPROVING IN MEDIUM TERM B SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES 1 GEOGRAPHICAL TRENDS A INWARD FDI: THE UPWARD TREND CONTINUED B OUTWARD FDI: MORE MODERATE GROWTH 2 SECTORAL TRENDS: MANUFACTURING ATTRACTED MARKET-SEEKING FDI 3 POLICY DEVELOPMENTS 4 PROSPECTS: SLOWDOWN EXPECTED C DEVELOPED COUNTRIES A INWARD FDI: STRONG DECLINE AS THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS UNFOLDS B OUTWARD FDI: MODERATE BUT A WIDESPREAD DECLINE 2 SECTORAL TRENDS: ROBUST FDI GROWTH IN THE PRIMARY SECTOR 3URVSHFWV)',ÀRZVH[SHFWHGWRIDOOIXUWKHU PART TWO TNCS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION CHAPTER III TNCS AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A INTRODUCTION B AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CHARACTERISTICS, SIGNIFICANCE AND SALIENT ISSUES 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION A A DIVERSE INDUSTRY B AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, TECHNOLOGY AND INSTITUTIONS (I) LAND, WATER AND OTHER INPUTS (II) TECHNOLOGY AND R&D (III) INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT C ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY 7KHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIDJULFXOWXUHLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV A GENERAL IMPORTANCE B AGRICULTURE AS A NEGLECTED MOTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT 6DOLHQWLVVXHVLQÀXHQFLQJLQYHVWPHQWLQDJULFXOWXUH A THE FOOD CRISIS AND THE DRIVE FOR FOOD SECURITY B INVESTMENT TO MEET MDG TARGETS C THE RISE OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION C TNC PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURE: HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL INSIGHTS 1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS: FROM PLANTATIONS TO VALUE CHAIN COORDINATION 2 CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW D TRENDS IN FDI AND OTHER FORMS OF TNC PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURE 1 FDI TRENDS AND PATTERNS A FDI B CROSS-BORDER M&AS C GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS 2 CONTRACT FARMING 3 TRENDS IN SOUTH-SOUTH INVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURE E MAJOR TNCS IN AGRICULTURE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 1 AGRICULTURE-BASED TNCS 2 TNCS FROM OTHER SEGMENTS OF THE VALUE CHAIN 3 NEW INVESTORS IN AGRICULTURE F CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER IV DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS OF TNC INVOLVEMENT IN AGRICULTURE B IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN HOST DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 1 FINANCING AND INVESTMENT A CONTRIBUTING CAPITAL AND INCREASING INVESTMENT THROUGH FDI B EASING FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS THROUGH CONTRACT FARMING 2 TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION A TNC PARTICIPATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER B TNC PARTICIPATION AND THE AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION SYSTEM IN HOST COUNTRIES 3 EMPLOYMENT AND SKILLS A EMPLOYMENT CREATION B SKILLS ENHANCEMENT 4 STANDARDS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT A DIFFUSION OF STANDARDS B USE OF CONTRACT FARMING AND SPECIALIZED PROCUREMENT AGENTS C AGRIBUSINESS TNCS’ SUPPLY CHAINS AND THE DECLINE OF SMALL FARMERS 5 FOREIGN-MARKET ACCESS AND EXPORTS A TRADING TNCS AND EXPORTS OF TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES B TNCS AND EXPORTS OF NON-TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 6 COMPETITION AND MARKET POWER 7 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HOST ECONOMY C BROADER IMPLICATIONS 1 IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 2 SOCIAL EFFECTS AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS 3 IMPLICATIONS FOR FOOD SECURITY IN HOST AND HOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST COUNTRIES159B IMPLICATIONS FOR HOME COUNTRIES D CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER V POLICY CHALLENGES AND OPTIONS A THE MAIN POLICY CHALLENGES B HOST-COUNTRY POLICY OPTIONS FOR TNC PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 1 OPENNESS TO FDI IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION A ENTRY CONDITIONS B LAND AND WATER USE C INVESTMENT PROMOTION AND PROTECTION 0D[LPL]LQJGHYHORSPHQWEHQH¿WVIURP71&SDUWLFLSDWLRQ A LEVERAGING FDI FOR LONG-TERM AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT B PROMOTING CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN TNCS AND LOCAL FARMERS (I) REGULATIONS ON CONTRACT FARMING (II) PROMOTION OF CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS (1) I MPROVING THE CAPACITY OF SMALLHOLDERS TO SUPPLY PRODUCTS OF A CONSISTENT QUALITY AND IN A TIMELY MANNER (2) ENHANCING ACCESS TO APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND STANDARDS (3) IMPROVING THE CAPITAL BASE OF LOCAL FARMERS (4) IMPROVING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR FARMERS IN REMOTE AREAS (5) ORGANIZING FARMERS IN THE MARKET (6) STRENGTHENING DISPUTE AVOIDANCE AND RESOLUTION 3 ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES B SOCIAL POLICIES C CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 4 OTHER RELEVANT POLICIES A INFRASTRUCTURE POLICIES B COMPETITION POLICIES C TRADE POLICIES D R&D-RELATED POLICIES 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS C HOME-COUNTRY POLICIES TO ENCOURAGE OUTWARD FDI IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 1 GENERAL PROMOTION POLICIES 2 CHALLENGES RELATED TO OVERSEAS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION TO SECURE FOOD SUPPLY 3 POLICY IMPLICATIONS D INTERNATIONAL POLICIES RELATED TO FDI IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 1 MAJOR INTERNATIONAL POLICY INITIATIVES 2 INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS E CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY OPTIONS EPILOGUE REFERENCES ANNEXES SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TNCS AND FDI QUESTIONNAIRE I 2 THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL RESTRUCTURINGS ON FDI FLOWS: SOME PUZZLING EVIDENCE I 3 DOWNTURN IN FDI: COMPARISON WITH THE PREVIOUS REVERSAL I 4 THE TOP NON-LISTED COMPANIES I 5 GUIDELINES ON CROSS-BORDER INVESTMENTS BY SWFS I 6 INVESTMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENTS IN G-20 COUNTRIES II 1 INWARD FDI IN AFRICAN LDCS: EIGHT CONSECUTIVE YEARS OF GROWTH II 2 BOOMING FDI TO WEST CHINA: DRIVERS AND DETERMINANTS II 3 REAPPRAISAL OF SOME BIG PROJECT DEALS IN GCC COUNTRIES II 4 THE EVOLVING INVESTMENT STRATEGIES OF GCC MEMBER STATES’ SWFS II 5 WHO ARE THE REAL INVESTORS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION? II 6 LIBERALIZATION OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: OPPORTUNITIES FOR FDI III 1 DEFINITIONS RELATED TO AGRICULTURE AND AGRIBUSINESS III 2 ETHIOPIA: AGRICULTURE AS A MOTOR FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT III 3 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR TYPES OF TNC PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES III 4 THE OLI PARADIGM AND INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE III 5 DATA SETS USED IN WIR09 III 6 TNCS IN THE PRODUCTION OF BANANAS, COFFEE, CUT FLOWERS, RICE, SOYA BEANS AND SUGAR III 7 A TYPOLOGY OF CONTRACT FARMING III 8 CONTRACT FARMING IN THE LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC III 9 SELECTED AGRICULTURE-BASED DEVELOPING-COUNTRY TNCS III 10 SELECTED AGRICULTURE-RELATED DEVELOPING-COUNTRY TNCS IV 1 TNC PARTICIPATION AND THE COMMERCIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IV 2 THE CONTRIBUTION OF FDI TO AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM IV 3 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FDI IN CHINA’S AGRICULTURE IV 4 EASING FINANCIAL AND OTHER CONSTRAINTS ON RICE FARMING AND PROCESSING IN NIGERIA IV 5 FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE IN CHINA IV 6 TNCS AND THE AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION SYSTEM IN INDIA IV 7 INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND TNCS: THE CASE OF EMBRAPA IN BRAZIL IV 8 BRINGING HIGH-VALUE SEEDS AND NEW TECHNOLOGY TO FARMERS: THE ROLE OF SYNGENTA IN THE SHOUGUANG MODEL IV 9 TEACHING LOCAL FARMERS TO GROW ORGANIC COFFEE IN UGANDA IV 10 COALITIONS OF AGRIBUSINESS TNCS FOR SETTING COMMON STANDARDS IV 11 DO AGRIBUSINESS TNCS PROCURE FROM SMALL-SCALE FARMERS? IV 12 BYPASSING ESTABLISHED COFFEE VALUE CHAINS: NOT EASY BUT POSSIBLE IV 13 THE ROLE OF TNCS IN UPGRADING AFRICA’S EXPORTS OF CASHEWS IV 14 THE SOYA VALUE-CHAIN: DOMINATION OF A FEW TNCS SPECIFIC ENTRY REGULATIONS FOR FDI IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION EXAMPLES OF POLICIES FOR PROMOTING INVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT AND INTERNATIONAL LAND DEALS IN AFRICA: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOST COUNTRIES THE SONGHAI MODEL IN AFRICA INTEGRATED PRODUCER SCHEMES IN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA BRAZIL’S PRONAF EXAMPLES OF NETWORKING AND LINKAGES BY FARMERS’ ORGANIZATIONS IN UGANDA THE ROLE OF THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD IN GUIDING INVESTMENTS IN AGRICULTURE PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES SECTOR-SPECIFIC CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVES TRADE BARRIERS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES’ EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES CHINA’S POLICY ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN R&D IN AGRICULTURE LICENSING PRACTICES AND DETERMINING COMPETITIVE RATES OF ROYALTY PAYMENT THE KING ABDULLAH INITIATIVE FOR SAUDI AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT ABROAD BOX FIGURES I 2 1 SALE OF FOREIGN AFFILIATES TO FIRMS BASED IN HOST, HOME OR THIRD COUNTRY, 1998–2009 I 3 1 COMPARISON OF FALLING FDI IN 2001 AND 2008 II 1 1 AFRICAN LDCS: FDI INFLOWS, BY VALUE AND AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, 1995–2008 II 2 1 FDI GROWTH RATES IN THE THREE REGIONS OF CHINA, 2006–2008 IV 2 1 FDI IN AGRICULTURE IN VIET NAM, REGISTERED CAPITAL AND SHARE IN TOTAL FDI, 1988–2008 IV 3 1 FDI IN AGRICULTURE IN CHINA, INFLOWS AND NUMBER OF PROJECTS, 1998–2008 BOX TABLES II 3 1 EXAMPLES OF DELAYED PROJECTS IN SOME GCC COUNTRIES II 5 1 SOURCES OF FDI FLOWS TO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 2007–2008 FIGURES I 1 FDI INFLOWS, GLOBAL AND BY GROUPS OF ECONOMIES, 1980–2008 I 2 SHARES OF THE THREE MAJOR GROUPS OF ECONOMIES IN GLOBAL FDI INFLOWS, 1990–2008 I 3 GLOBAL FDI INFLOWS BY COMPONENT, 2000–2009 I 5 PROFITABILITY AND PROFIT LEVELS OF TNCS, 1997–2008 I 6 WORLDWIDE INCOME ON FDI AND REINVESTED EARNINGS, 1995–2008 I 7 IMPACT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE CRISIS ON COMPANIES’ INVESTMENT PLANS I 8 DIVESTMENT AND ITS SHARE IN GROSS OUTWARD FDI IN SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2002–2008 I 10 VALUE OF GLOBAL CROSS-BORDER M&AS, BY QUARTER, 2006–2009 I 11 PERCENTAGE OF TNCS PLANNING TO CUT INVESTMENTS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OWING TO THE CRISIS I 12 FDI INFLOWS, BY QUARTER, 2007–2009 I 13 FDI OUTFLOWS, BY QUARTER, 2007–2009 I 14 AVERAGE TNI FOR THE 100 LARGEST TNCS WORLDWIDE AND FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 2004–2008 I 15 QUARTERLY EVOLUTION OF SALES, TOTAL ASSETS, AND NET INCOME FOR SELECTED TNCS AMONG THE 100 LARGEST, 2006–2009 I 16 QUARTERLY EVOLUTION OF SALES, TOTAL ASSETS, AND NET INCOME FOR SELECTED TNCS AMONG THE 100 LARGEST FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 2006–2009 I 17 FDI BY SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS, 1987–2009 I 18 CUMULATIVE FDI BY SWFS, BY MAIN TARGET SECTORS AND TOP FIVE TARGET INDUSTRIES, 1987–2008 I 19 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF FDI-RELATED MEASURES IN 2008 I 20 NATURE OF FDI-RELATED MEASURES IN 2008 I 21 NUMBER OF BITS AND DTTS CONCLUDED, ANNUAL AND CUMULATIVE, 1999–2008 I 22 DISTRIBUTION OF BITS CONCLUDED AT END-2008, BY COUNTRY GROUP I 23 DISTRIBUTION OF DTTS CONCLUDED AT END-2008, BY COUNTRY GROUP I 24 NUMBER OF IIAS CONCLUDED AT END-2008, CUMULATIVE AND PER PERIOD I 25 KNOWN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATIONS, CUMULATIVE AND NEWLY INSTITUTED CASES, 1987–END 2008 I 26 CHANGES IN RESPONDENT COMPANIES’ FDI EXPENDITURES PLANS AS COMPARED TO 2008 I 27 GLOBAL FDI FLOWS, 2005–2008, AND PROJECTIONS FOR 2009–2011 II 1 FDI INFLOWS BY REGION, 2006 TO FIRST QUARTER OF 2009 II 2 AFRICA: FDI INFLOWS, BY VALUE AND AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION BY REGION, 1995–2008 II 3 AFRICA: TOP 10 RECIPIENTS OF FDI INFLOWS, 2007–2008 II 4 AFRICA: FDI OUTFLOWS, BY SUBREGION, 1995–2008 II 5 AFRICA: COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF WIPS 2009–2011 WITH WIPS 2008–2010 II 6 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: FDI INFLOWS, BY VALUE AND AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, 1995–2008 II 7 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: TOP 10 RECIPIENTS OF FDI INFLOWS, 2007–2008 II 8 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: FDI OUTFLOWS, BY SUBREGION, 1995–2008 II 9 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: TOP 10 SOURCES OF FDI OUTFLOWS, 2007–2008 II 10 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF WIPS 2009–2011 WITH WIPS 2008–2010 II 11 WEST ASIA: FDI INFLOWS, BY VALUE AND AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, 1995–2008 II 12 WEST ASIA: TOP 5 RECIPIENTS OF FDI INFLOWS, 2007–2008 II 13 WEST ASIA: FDI OUTFLOWS, 1995–2008 II 14 WEST ASIA: TOP 5 SOURCES OF FDI OUTFLOWS, 2007–2008 II 15 WEST ASIA: COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF WIPS 2009–2011 WITH WIPS 2008–2010 II 16 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: FDI INFLOWS, BY VALUE AND AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, 1995–2008 II 17 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: TOP 10 RECIPIENTS OF FDI INFLOWS, 2007–2008 II 18 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: FDI OUTFLOWS, BY SUBREGION, 1995–2008 II 19 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: TOP 10 SOURCES OF FDI OUTFLOWS, 2007– 2008 II 20 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF WIPS 2009–2011 WITH WIPS 2008–2010 II 21 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: FDI INFLOWS, BY VALUE AND AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, 1995–2008 II 22 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: TOP 5 RECIPIENTS OF FDI INFLOWS, A 2007–2008 II 23 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: FDI OUTFLOWS, 1995–2008 II 24 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF WIPS 2009–2011 WITH WIPS 2008–2010 II 25 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: FDI INFLOWS, BY VALUE AND AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, 1995–2008 II 26 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: TOP 10 RECIPIENTS OF FDI INFLOWS, 2007–2008 II 27 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: FDI FLOWS, BY SUB-GROUP, 1995–2008 II 28 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: TOP 10 SOURCES OF FDI OUTFLOWS, 2007–2008 II 29 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF WIPS 2009–2011 WITH WIPS 2008–2010 III 1 SHARE OF SUBREGIONS IN WORLD PRODUCTION OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AVERAGE FOR 2002–2007 III 2 ODA IN AGRICULTURE: VALUE AND SHARE IN TOTAL ODA, 1970–2007 III 3 A TYPICAL AGRIBUSINESS GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY AND TYPES OF TNC PLAYERS III 4 TYPES OF TNC PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN HOST COUNTRIES III 5 FDI INFLOWS IN AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING, AND FOOD AND BEVERAGES, 1990–2007 III 6 SHARE OF AGRICULTURE IN INWARD FDI OF SELECTED ECONOMIES, VARIOUS YEARS III 7 DISTRIBUTION OF CROSS-BORDER M&AS ALONG THE VALUE CHAIN IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, 2006, 2007 AND 2008 III 8 SALES AND EXPORTS OF MAJORITY-OWNED AFFILIATES ABROAD OF UNITED STATES TNCS IN AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FORESTRY AND FISHING, 1983–2006 III 9 EXPORTS OF MAJORITY-OWNED AFFILIATES ABROAD OF UNITED STATES TNCS IN AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FORESTRY AND FISHING, BY DESTINATION, 1983–2006 III 10 INWARD FDI FLOWS IN AGRICULTURE BY REGION, 2000–2007 III 11 INWARD FDI STOCK IN AGRICULTURE BY DEVELOPING REGION, 2002 AND 2007 III 12 MAIN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE TARGETED BY TNCS IN FOREIGN LOCATIONS, BY SUBREGION, UP TO 2009 III 13 OUTWARD FDI STOCK OF SELECTED ECONOMIES IN AGRICULTURE, 2007 OR LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE III 14 INVESTOR AND TARGET REGIONS AND COUNTRIES IN OVERSEAS LAND INVESTMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, 2006–MAY 2009 IV 1 TNC ACTIVITIES ALONG AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS AND TYPES OF IMPACT IN HOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IV 2 TNC PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY TABLES I 1 WORLD ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GROWTH PROSPECTS, 2008–2010 I 2 SELECTED DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH NEGATIVE FDI INFLOWS, BY COMPONENT, 2007–2009 I 3 CROSS-BORDER M&AS (VALUED AT OVER $1 BILLION), 1987–2009 I 4 SELECTED CROSS-BORDER M&AS AND PRIVATIZATION PROGRAMMES CANCELLED OR POSTPONED DUE TO THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS I 5 INDUSTRIES WITH A RISE IN CROSS-BORDER M&AS IN 2008 I 6 SELECTED INDICATORS OF FDI AND INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION, 1982–2008 I 7 SNAPSHOT OF THE 100 LARGEST TNCS WORLDWIDE, 2006–2007/2008 I 8 TNI VALUES FOR THE 100 LARGEST TNCS WORLDWIDE AND FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BY SELECTED INDUSTRIES, 2007 I 9 TNI VALUES FOR THE TOP 100 LARGEST TNCS WORLDWIDE, BY SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2006–2007 I 10 EXAMPLES OF RECENT RESTRUCTURINGS BY SOME OF THE 100 LARGEST NON-FINANCIAL TNCS I 11 SNAPSHOT OF THE 100 LARGEST TNCS FROM DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, 2006–2007 I 12 TNI VALUES FOR THE 100 LARGEST TNCS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BY REGION, 2007 I 13 CROSS-BORDER M&A PURCHASES BY PRIVATE EQUITY FIRMS AND HEDGE FUNDS, 1996–2009 I 14 NATIONAL REGULATORY CHANGES, 1992–2008 II 1 CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES, BY SECTOR AND BY GROUP OF ECONOMIES, 2007–2009 II 2 AFRICA: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES, 2008 II 3 AFRICA: FDI FLOWS OF SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008–2009, BY QUARTER II 4 AFRICA: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY REGION/ECONOMY, 2007–2009 II 5 AFRICA: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A PURCHASES, 2008 II 6 AFRICA: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES BY SECTOR/INDUSTRY, 2007–2009 II 7 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY REGION/ECONOMY, 2007–2009 II 8 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND OCEANIA: FDI FLOWS OF SELECTED ECONOMIES, 2008–2009, BY QUARTER II 9 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES, 2008 II 10 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY SECTOR/INDUSTRY, 2007–2009 II 11 SOUTH, EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A PURCHASES, 2008 II 12 WEST ASIA: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY REGION/ECONOMY, 2007–2009 II 13 WEST ASIA: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES, 2008 II 14 ESTIMATED GAINS AND LOSSES OF GULF FUNDS II 15 WEST ASIA: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A PURCHASES, 2008 II 16 WEST ASIA: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY SECTOR/INDUSTRY, 2007–2009 II 17 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: FDI FLOWS OF SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008–2009, BY QUARTER II 18 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES, 2008 II 19 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY REGION/ECONOMY, 2007–2009 II 20 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A PURCHASES, 2008 II 21 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY SECTOR/INDUSTRY, 2007–2009 II 22 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: FDI FLOWS OF SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008–2009, BY QUARTER II 23 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES, 2008 II 24 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY REGION/ECONOMY, 2007–2009 II 25 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A PURCHASES, 2008 II 26 SOUTH-EAST EUROPE AND CIS: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY SECTOR/INDUSTRY, 2007–2009 II 27 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: FDI FLOWS OF SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008–2009, BY QUARTER II 28 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES, 2008 II 29 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY REGION/ECONOMY, 2007–2009 II 30 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: TOP 10 CROSS-BORDER M&A PURCHASES, 2008 II 31 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES AND PURCHASES, BY SECTOR/INDUSTRY, 2007–2009 III 1 CATEGORIES OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES III 2 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS, FARMERS AND FIRMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES III 3 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SIGNIFICANCE OF AGRICULTURE, 2002–2007 III 4 ESTIMATED GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION IN AGRICULTURE, 1980–2007 III 5 BIOFUEL PRODUCTION IN SELECTED ECONOMIES AND GROUPING, 2007 III 6 THE GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN IN FLORICULTURE: KEY STAGES AND SELECTED TNCS AT EACH STAGE, 2009 III 7 ESTIMATED FDI IN AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING AND FOOD AND BEVERAGES, VARIOUS YEARS III 8 COMPARISON OF FDI INFLOWS AND NET CROSS-BORDER M&A SALES IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PROCESSING, 1990–JUNE 2009 III 9 INWARD FDI FLOWS AND STOCK IN AGRICULTURE, SELECTED COUNTRIES, VARIOUS YEARS III 10 NET VALUE OF CROSS-BORDER M&AS AGRICULTURE BY TARGET REGION, 1987–MAY 2009 III 11 WATER RESOURCES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND COUNTRIES, 2008 III 12 TOP 25 TNCS IN AGRIBUSINESS INDUSTRIES, RANKED BY FOREIGN ASSETS, 2007 III 13 EXAMPLES OF NEW INVESTORS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, BASED ON THEIR MOTIVATIONS FOR INVESTMENT IV 1 FDI IN AGRICULTURE IN SELECTED MAJOR HOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: RATIOS OF FDI INFLOWS TO GCF AND OF FDI STOCK TO GDP, IN AGRICULTURE AND IN THE ENTIRE ECONOMY, 2007 PERCENTAGE OF IPAS THAT PROMOTE FDI IN SPECIFIC AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, BY REGION, 2009 IPAS THAT ACTIVELY PROMOTE OUTWARD FDI IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY GROUP/REGION