TENTATIVE TECHNICAL MANUAL: AVIATION ENGINEERS
CONTENTS BASICS INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW MODERN ERA ACTUAL FLIGHTS COMPRESSIBILITY ISSUES SUPERSONIC SPEEDS CONTINUITY CONCEPT CONSERVATION LAWS CONSERVATION OF MASS CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION OF ENERGY INCOMPRESSIBLE AERODYNAMICS SUBSONIC FLOW COMPRESSIBLE AERODYNAMICS TRANSONIC FLOW SUPERSONIC FLOW HYPERSONIC FLOW VOCABULARY BOUNDARY LAYERS TURBULENCE AERODYNAMICS IN OTHER FIELDS ESSENCE OF FLUID MECHANICS SOME BASIC FACTS ABOUT FLUID MECHANICS FLUIDS AND THE CONTINUUM DIMENSION AND UNITS LAW OF DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY THE PERFECT GAS EQUATION OF STATE REGIMES OF FLUID MECHANICS IDEAL FLUID FLOW VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW GAS DYNAMICS RAREFIED GAS DYNAMICS FLOW OF MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW SUMMARY INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE LAYERS IN THE ISA ICAO STANDARD ATMOSPHERE TEMPERATURE MODELLING PRESSURE MODELLING PRESSURE ABOVE THE TROPOPAUSE DENSITY MODELLING OTHER STANDARD ATMOSPHERES RELATIVE DENSITY ALTIMETER PROBLEMS AIRCRAFT CON?GURATIONS STRUCTURE PROPULSION LOW-SPEED AEROFOILS THE AEROFOIL AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS ON AN AEROFOIL FORCE AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION VARIATION WITH INCIDENCE ANGLE THE LIFT-CURVE SLOPE PROFILE DRAG PITCHING MOMENT MOVEMENT OF CENTRE OF PRESSURE FINITE OR THREE-DIMENSIONAL WING GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS OF A FINITE WING LEADING-EDGE RADIUS AND CHORD LINE MEAN CAMBER LINE THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION TRAILING-EDGE ANGLE WING GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS WING AREA S WING SPAN 2B AVERAGE CHORD C ASPECT RATIO A ROOT CHORD CR TAPER RATIO ?? SWEEP ANGLE ? MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD MAC DIHEDRAL ANGLE GEOMETRIC TWIST SPAN-WISE FLOW VARIATION LIFT AND DOWNWASH THE LIFT CURVE OF A FINITE WING INDUCED DRAG THE TOTAL DRAG OF A WING ASPECT RATIO EFFECT ON AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS THE COMPLETE AIRCRAFT STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT TOTAL DRAG REYNOLDS NUMBER EFFECT VARIATION OF DRAG IN STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT THE MINIMUM POWER CONDITION MINIMUM DRAG-TO-VELOCITY RATIO THE STALL THE EFFECT OF WING SECTION WING PLANFORM EFFECT THE EFFECT OF PROTUBERANCES HIGH-LIFT DEVICES THE TRAILING EDGE FLAP THE PLAIN FLAP THE SPLIT FLAP THE SLOTTED FLAP THE FOWLER FLAP COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLAPS FLAP EFFECT ON AERODYNAMIC CENTRE AND STABILITY THE LEADING EDGE SLAT THE LEADING EDGE FLAP BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL BOUNDARY LAYER BLOWING BOUNDARY LAYER SUCTION THE JET FLAP THRUST THRUST GENERATION HISTORY OF JET ENGINE DEVELOPMENT TYPES OF JET ENGINES TURBOJETS TURBOPROPS TURBOFANS TURBOSHAFTS RAMJETS TURBOJET TURBOPROP AND TURBOSHAFT ENGINES RAMJET AND SCRAMJET THE IDEAL RAMJET ROCKET PROPULSION PROPELLER ENGINES THRUST AND MOMENTUM BYPASS AND TURBOFAN ENGINES THE PROPELLER WORKING OF A PROPELLER HELIX ANGLE AND BLADE ANGLE ADVANCE PER REVOLUTION PITCH OF A PROPELLER PROPELLER EFFICIENCY TIP SPEED VARIABLE PITCH NUMBER AND SHAPE OF BLADES THE SLIPSTREAM GYROSCOPIC EFFECT SWING ON TAKE-OFF THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES OF JET PROPULSION EFFICIENCY BRAYTON CYCLE RAMJET CYCLE TURBOJET CYCLE TURBOFAN CYCLE LEVEL FLIGHT THE FORCES IN LEVEL FLIGHT EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION BALANCING THE FORCES CONTROL SURFACE TAIL-LESS AND TAIL-FIRST AIRCRAFT FORCES ON TAILPLANE EFFECT OF DOWNWASH VARYING THE TAILPLANE LIFT RELATION BETWEEN FLIGHT SPEED AND ANGLE OF ATTACK RANGE MAXIMUM FLYING WITH MINIMUM DRAG ALTITUDE EFFECT ON PROPELLER EFFICIENCY WIND EFFECT ON RANGE ENDURANCE OF FLIGHT ENDURANCE OF JET ENGINE GLIDING ANGLE OF GLIDE EFFECT OF WEIGHT ON GLIDING ENDURANCE OF GLIDE GLIDING ANGLE LANDING STALLING SPEED HIGH-LIFT AEROFOILS WING LOADING CALCULATION OF MINIMUM LANDING SPEED LANDING SPEED SHORT AND VERTICAL TAKE-OFF AND LANDING GYROPLANE THE HELICOPTER JET LIFT HOVERCRAFT EFFECT OF FLAPS ON TRIM PERFORMANCE TAKE-OFF CLIMBING POWER CURVES: PROPELLER ENGINE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM SPEEDS IN HORIZONTAL FLIGHT EFFECT OF ENGINE POWER VARIATION FLIGHT ALTITUDE EFFECT ON ENGINE POWER CEILING EFFECT OF WEIGHT ON PERFORMANCE JET PROPULSION EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE STABILITY AND CONTROL LONGITUDINAL STABILITY LONGITUDINAL DIHEDRAL LATERAL STABILITY HIGH WING AND LOW CENTRE OF GRAVITY LATERAL STABILITY OF AIRCRAFT WITH SWEEPBACK FIN AREA AND LATERAL STABILITY DIRECTIONAL STABILITY LATERAL AND DIRECTIONAL STABILITY CONTROL OF AN AIRCRAFT BALANCED CONTROL MASS BALANCE CONTROL AT LOW SPEEDS POWER CONTROLS DYNAMIC INSTABILITY MANOEUVRES ACCELERATION PULLING OUT FROM A DIVE THE LOAD FACTOR TURNING LOADS DURING A TURN CORRECT ANGLES OF BANK OTHER PROBLEMS OF TURNING STEEP BANK AEROBATICS INVERTED MANOEUVRES ABNORMAL WEATHER MANOEUVRABILITY ROCKETS CHEMICAL ROCKET ENGINE DESIGN SATURN V SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION SPECIFIC IMPULSE ROCKET EQUATION TRAJECTORIES NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION NEWTON’S LAWS OF GRAVITATION KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION SOME IMPORTANT EQUATIONS OF ORBITAL DYNAMICS LAGRANGE POINTS HOHMANN MINIMUM-ENERGY TRAJECTORY GRAVITY ASSIST HIGH-EXHAUST-VELOCITY, LOW-THRUST TRAJECTORIES HIGH-EXHAUST-VELOCITY ROCKET EQUATION PLASMA AND ELECTRIC PROPULSION TYPES OF PLASMA ENGINES PULSED PLASMA THRUSTER OPERATING PRINCIPLE REFERENCES