THEORY AND APPLICATION OF SHAPED CHARGES
CONTENTS CLASSI?CATION OF EXPLOSIVES INITIATION SENSITIVITY SIZE USAGE PHYSICAL FORM EXPLOSIVE SCIENCE INTRODUCTION LOW EXPLOSIVES HIGH EXPLOSIVES INITIATION AND DETONATION MECHANISM PROPAGATION AND DETONATION PROPAGATION DETONATION IDEAL/NONIDEAL DETONATION/CRITICAL DIAMETER/IDEAL DIAMETER DETONATION PRESSURE AND VELOCITY REACTION CHEMISTRY IN EXPLOSIVES HEAT OF REACTION RULES OF HIERARCHY CALCULATION OF OXYGEN BALANCE AND FUEL VALUES REFERENCES AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLOSIVES CHRONOLOGY DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES IMPORTANCE OF OXYGEN BALANCE PHYSICAL, PERFORMANCE, AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS TESTS BALLISTIC MORTAR TEST TRAUZL LEAD BLOCK TEST VELOCITY OF DETONATION (VOD) GAP TEST AND CONTINUITY OF DETONATION TEST AQUARIUM TEST DOUBLE PIPE TEST CYLINDER TEST (CRUSHING STRENGTH) PLATE DENT TEST UNDERWATER TEST (UWT) CRATER TEST ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY AND STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS IMPACT TEST TORPEDO FRICTION TEST ACCELERATED HOT STORAGE (AGEING TEST) COLD TEMPERATURE STORAGE TEST THERMAL STABILITY TESTS USING DTA AND TGA PROCEDURES SUMMARY AMMONIUM NITRATE AND AN/FO INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM NITRATE BASIC DATA DECOMPOSITION CHEMISTRY OF AN PHASE TRANSITION IN AN AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN EXPLOSIVES MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIUM NITRATE PRILLED AMMONIUM NITRATE AMMONIUM NITRATE FUEL OIL EXPLOSIVES BACKGROUND AN/FO MANUFACTURE MIXING PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT CONTINUOUS PROCESS BULK DELIVERY SYSTEMS PROPERTIES OF AN/FO PHYSICAL OIL ABSORBENCY AND POROSITY/BULK DENSITY/CRUSHING STRENGTH RESISTANCE TO EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CYCLING CHARACTERISTICS OF ANFO DENSITY/STRENGTH STRENGTH OF THE AN/FO EXPLOSIVE ENERGY CONTENT OF AN/FO VELOCITY OF DETONATION AND EFFECTIVE PRIMING MECHANISM OF DETONATION PROPAGATION IN AN/FO IN?UENCE OF FUEL EFFECT OF MOISTURE/WET BOREHOLES/WATER-RESISTANT AN/FO WATER-RESISTANT AN/FO INCREASING THE ENERGY OF AN/FO AND ITS FUME CHARACTERISTICS SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN AN/FO SUMMARY – AN/FO EXPLOSIVES QUALITY CHECKS FURTHER READING SLURRIES AND WATER GELS DEVELOPMENT DESIGN LARGE-DIAMETER PACKAGED PRODUCT (WATER GELS) LIST OF INGREDIENTS SMALL-DIAMETER, CAP-SENSITIVE WATER GELS BULK DELIVERY PRODUCT BASIC CONCEPTS OF FORMULATION OXYGEN BALANCE THUMB RULES FOR DESIGN ROLE OF WATER BASIC COMPOSITION AND PROCESS PROCESS TECHNOLOGY BATCH PROCESS PACKAGING SYSTEMS RAW MATERIALS END PRODUCT SPECI?CATION DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FORMULATIONS ROLE OF ALUMINUM IN WATER GELS AND SLURRY EXPLOSIVES ATOMIZED AND FLAKE POWDERS ALUMINUM WATER REACTION IMPORTANT TESTS FOR AL POWDER FOR USE IN AN-BASED WATER GEL EXPLOSIVES IN-PROCESS AND FINISHED PRODUCT CHECKS OXIDIZER BLEND COMPOSITION SOLID INGREDIENTS LIQUID INGREDIENTS MIXING PACKING PERFORMANCE TESTS SAFETY TESTS GAP TEST/COD COD STORAGE TESTS GEL CONDITION EVALUATION WATERPROOFNESS TEST EFFECT OF (HYDROSTATIC) PRESSURE PROCESS HAZARDS (DUST EXPLOSIONS/FIRE HAZARDS/HEALTH HAZARDS) SLIPPERY FLOOR HEALTH HAZARD ROLE OF GG APPLICATION IN WATER GELS AND SLURRIES SPECI?CATION OF TYPICAL GG USED IN WATER GELS CROSS-LINKING MECHANISM OF HYDRATION PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES DESIGN CRITERIA TESTS FOR PERMISSIBILITY OTHER TESTS REQUIREMENT DE?AGRATION TESTS BEHAVIOR OF WATER GELS IN PERMISSIBILITY TESTS TOXIC FUMES AND TYPICAL FORMULATION STRENGTH OF PERMISSIBLE WATER GELS GENERAL PURPOSE SMALL-DIAMETER EXPLOSIVES (GPSD) DESIGN CRITERIA AND COMPOSITION SENSITIZERS INORGANIC ORGANIC SENSITIZERS AIR/GAS/SYNTHETIC BUBBLE SENSITIZERS EMULSION EXPLOSIVES CONCEPT OF EMULSION EXPLOSIVES GENERAL COMPOSITION OF EMULSION EXPLOSIVES STRUCTURE AND RHEOLOGY COMPOSITION AND THEORY OF EMULSION EXPLOSIVES MANUFACTURE TYPES OF EMULSION EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING PROCESS SEMICONTINUOUS OPERATION FULLY CONTINUOUS PROCESS CRITICAL EQUIPMENT FOR PRODUCTION OF EMULSION EXPLOSIVES PUMPS PACKAGING EQUIPMENT FOR EMULSION EXPLOSIVES RAW MATERIAL FOR EMULSION FUEL BLENDS SENSITIZING IN EMULSION EXPLOSIVES AIR ENTRAPMENT OR OCCLUSION WHILE EMULSI?CATION BY MECHANICAL AGITATION CHEMICAL GASSING HOLLOW PARTICLES CRYSTAL HABIT MODI?ERS EMULSION PROMOTERS EMULSION STABILIZERS EMULSION CHEMISTRY AND UNDERSTANDING EMULSI?ERS: KEY TO GOOD EMULSIONS CONCEPT OF HLB AND ITS USE IN EMULSI?CATION EFFECT OF FACTORS ON STABILITY OF EMULSIONS POLYMER SYSTEMS IN EMULSION EXPLOSIVES PROCESS AUDIT SPECIAL TESTS FOR EMULSIONS EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES OF EMULSION MATRIX/EXPLOSIVES CHANNEL EFFECT PERMISSIBLE EMULSIONS GENERAL PURPOSE SMALL-DIAMETER (GPSD) EMULSION EXPLOSIVES BULK EMULSIONS HEAVY AN/FO PACKAGED LARGE-DIAMETER EMULSION EXPLOSIVES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS OF INTEREST DEVELOPMENT WORK AND UPSCALING MANAGEMENT OF R&D FUNCTIONAL SAFETY DURING MANUFACTURE OF AN EXPLOSIVES INTRODUCTION – PERSONAL VIEW POINT ON SAFETY SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN AN EXPLOSIVES IN AN/FO IN SLURRIES AND EMULSIONS ELECTROSTATIC IGNITION LIGHTNING PROTECTION RUNAWAY REACTIONS VENTING AS MEANS OF PROTECTION EXPLOSION SUPPRESSION TECHNOLOGY EXPLOSION HAZARDS IN EQUIPMENT HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH PUMPING OF EXPLOSIVES POSSIBLE HAZARDS DURING PACKING CONCLUDING REMARKS ECONOMICS OF AN-BASED EXPLOSIVES IN MANUFACTURE IN APPLICATIONS CONDITION OF EXPLOSIVE COUPLING AND PRIMING STEMMING AND CON?NEMENT EXPLOSIVES–ROCK INTERACTION EXPLOSIVES ENERGY OPTIMIZATION IN BLASTING BLAST DESIGN IN?UENCE OF EXPLOSIVES IN UNDERGROUND MINING CURRENT STATUS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS SIZE SMALL DIAMETER EXPLOSIVES: THESE ARE USUALLY EXPLOSIVES MADE IN DIAMETER OF 7/8 TO 2 IN AND GENERALLY CAP-SENSITIVE MEDIUM DIAMETER EXPLOSIVES: THESE ARE USUALLY EXPLOSIVES MADE IN DIAMETERS OF 3–5 IN AND ARE BOOSTER-SENSITIVE ONLY PHYSICAL FORM CLASSI?CATION ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL FORM OF END PRODUCT IS AS FOLLOWS: 1 4 PHYSICAL FORM