ROCKET AND SPACECRAFT PROPULSION
2 THE THERMAL ROCKET ENGINE 35 21 THE BASIC CONFIGURATION 35 22 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THRUST AND THE EFFECT OF THE ATMOSPHERE 37 221 OPTIMISING THE EXHAUST NOZZLE 41 23 THE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ROCKET ENGINE 42 231 EXHAUST VELOCITY 43 232 MASS FLOW RATE 46 CONTENTS 1 HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF ROCKET PROPULSION 11 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROCKET 111 THE RUSSIAN SPACE PROGRAMME 112 OTHER NATIONAL PROGRAMMES 113 THE UNITED STATES SPACE PROGRAMME 114 COMMENTARY 1 6 6 8 13 12 NEWTON'S THIRD LAW AND THE ROCKET EQUATION 121 TSIOLKOVSKY'S ROCKET EQUATION 14 24 THE THERMODYNAMIC THRUST EQUATION 241 THE THRUST COEFFICIENT AND THE CHARACTERISTIC VELOCITY 25 COMPUTING ROCKET ENGINE PERFORMANCE 251 SPECIFIC IMPULSE 252 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS 26 SUMMARY 3 LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES 31 THE BASIC CONFIGURATION OF THE LIQUID PROPELLANT ENGINE 32 THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND NOZZLE 321 INJECTION 322 IGNITION 323 THRUST VECTOR CONTROL 33 LIQUID PROPELLANT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 51 52 56 57 58 60 61 61 62 63 64 67 69 331 CAVITATION 71 14 13 ORBITS AND SPACEFLIGHT 17 332 POGO 71 131 ORBITS 18 34 COOLING OF LIQUID-FUELLED ROCKET ENGINES 72 14 MULTISTAGE ROCKETS 25 35 EXAMPLES OF ROCKET ENGINE PROPELLANT FLOW 351 THE AESTUS ENGINE ON ARIANE 5 74 141 OPTIMISING A MULTISTAGE ROCKET 28 74 142 OPTIMISING THE ROCKET ENGINES 30 352 THE ARIANE VIKING ENGINES 75 143 STRAP-ON BOOSTERS 353 THE ARIANE HM7 B ENGINE 77 31 15 ACCESS TO SPACE 34 354 THE VINCI CRYOGENIC UPPER-STAGE ENGINE FOR ARIANE 5 78 355 THE ARIANE 5 VULCAIN CRYOGENIC ENGINE 78 356 THE SPACE SHUTTLE MAIN ENGINE 81 357 THE RS 68 ENGINE 83 358 THE RL 10 ENGINE 85 36 COMBUSTION AND THE CHOICE OF PROPELLANTS 361 COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE 362 MOLECULAR WEIGHT 363 PROPELLANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 37 THE PERFORMANCE OF LIQUID-FUELLED ROCKET ENGINES 371 LIQUID OXYGEN-LIQUID HYDROGEN ENGINES 372 LIQUID HYDROCARBON-LIQUID OXYGEN ENGINES 373 STORABLE PROPELLANT ENGINES 4 SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTORS 41 BASIC CONFIGURATION 42 THE PROPERTIES AND THE DESIGN OF SOLID MOTORS 86 86 87 88 90 91 93 93 97 97 99 ACTIV 43 PROPELLANT COMPOSITION 100 431 ADDITIVES 102 432 TOXIC EXHAUST 103 433 THRUST STABILITY 103 434 THRUST PROFILE AND GRAIN SHAPE 104 44 INTEGRITY OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER 106 441 THERMAL PROTECTION 107 442 INTER-SECTION JOINTS 109 443 NOZZLE THERMAL PORTECTION 110 45 IGNITION 46 THRUST VECTOR CONTROL 111 47 TWO MODERN SOLID BOOSTERS 471 THE SPACE SHUTTLE SRB 472 THE ARIANE MPS 5 LAUNCH VEHICLE DYNAMICS 632 VEHICLE VELOCITY AS A FUNCTION OF EXHAUST VELOCITY 633 VEHICLE VELOCITY AND STRUCTURAL/PROPELLANT MASS 64 ELECTRIC THRUSTERS 641 ELECTROTHERMAL THRUSTERS 642 ARC-JET THRUSTERS 65 ELECTROMAGNETIC THRUSTERS 651 ION PROPULSION 652 THE SPACE CHARGE LIMIT 653 ELECTRIC FIELD AND POTENTIAL 162 149 150 152 152 155 157 158 160 110 654 ION THRUST 163 655 PROPELLANT CHOICE 164 656 DECELERATION GRID 166 111 657 ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY 166 113 66 PLASMA THRUSTERS 168 661 HALL EFFECT THRUSTERS 170 115 662 RADIOFREQUENCY THRUSTERS 177 51 MORE ON THE ROCKET EQUATION 115 67 LOW-POWER ELECTRIC THRUSTERS 179 511 RANGE IN THE ABSENCE OF GRAVITY 117 52 VERTICAL MOTION IN THE EARTH'S GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 120 681 SOLAR CELLS 521 VEHICLE VELOCITY 120 522 RANGE 122 53 INCLINED MOTION IN A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 123 531 CONSTANT PITCH ANGLE 124 532 THE FLIGHT PATH AT CONSTANT PITCH ANGLE 127 54 MOTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE 128 541 AERODYNAMIC FORCES 129 542 DYNAMIC PRESSURE 130 694 GRAVITY LOSS AND THRUST 55 THE GRAVITY TURN 131 56 BASIC LAUNCH DYNAMICS 133 68 ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION 682 SOLAR GENERATORS 683 RADIOACTIVE THERMAL GENERATORS 684 NUCLEAR FISSION POWER GENERATORS 69 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC PROPULSION 691 STATION-KEEPING 692 LOW EARTH ORBIT TO GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT 693 NINE-MONTH ONE-WAY MISSION TO MARS 610 DEEP SPACE 1 AND THE NSTAR ION ENGINE 611 SMART-1 AND THE PPS-1350 180 180 181 181 184 187 189 190 191 191 193 194 561 AIRLESS BODIES 133 57 TYPICAL EARTH-LAUNCH TRAJECTORIES 135 571 THE VERTICAL SEGMENT OF THE TRAJECTORY 136 7 NUCLEAR PROPULSION 197 572 THE GRAVITY TURN OR TRANSITION TRAJECTORY 136 71 POWER, THRUST, AND ENERGY 197 573 CONSTANT PITCH OR THE VACUUM TRAJECTORY 137 72 NUCLEAR FISSION BASICS 199 574 ORBITAL INJECTION 137 73 A SUSTAINABLE CHAIN REACTION 202 58 ACTUAL LAUNCH VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES 139 74 CALCULATING THE CRITICALITY 203 581 THE MU-3-S-II LAUNCHER 139 75 THE REACTOR DIMENSIONS AND NEUTRON LEAKAGE 205 582 ARIANE 4 141 76 CONTROL 209 583 PEGASUS 143 77 REFLECTION 210 78 PROMPT AND DELAYED NEUTRONS 211 6 ELECTRIC PROPULSION 145 79 THERMAL STABILITY 212 61 THE IMPORTANCE OF EXHAUST VELOCITY 145 710 THE PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR THERMAL PROPULSION 213 62 REVIVED INTEREST IN ELECTRIC PROPULSION 146 711 THE FUEL ELEMENTS 214 63 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC PROPULSION 147 712 EXHAUST VELOCITY OF A NUCLEAR THERMAL ROCKET 216 631 ELECTRIC VEHICLE PERFORMANCE 148 713 INCREASING THE OPERATING TEMPERATURE 218 ACTIV