AN INTRODUCTION TO TURBULENCE AND ITS MEASUREMENT

By X. GAMAR

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PRELIMINARY REMARKS FLAT PLATE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS PROPAGATION OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS MIXING LAYERS SHOCK-TURBULENCE INTERACTION SHOCK WAVE-BOUNDARY LAYER INTERACTION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES HOT WIRE ANEMOMETRY LASER-DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY FLUCTUATING WALL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS FLOW IMAGING SUMMARY EQUATIONS OF MOTION CONTINUITY MOMENTUM ENERGY COMPRESSIBLE COUETTE FLOW VORTICITY EQUATIONS FOR TURBULENT FLOW DE?NITION OF AVERAGES TURBULENT AVERAGES EQUATIONS FOR THE MEAN FLOW TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY THIN SHEAR LAYER EQUATIONS CHARACTERISTIC SCALES TOTAL ENTHALPY FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS KOVASZNAY’S MODES VELOCITY DIVERGENCE IN SHEAR FLOWS VELOCITY INDUCED BY A VORTEX FIELD RAPID DISTORTION CONCEPTS LINEARIZING THE EQUATIONS FOR THE FLUCTUATIONS APPLICATION TO SUPERSONIC FLOWS RAPID DISTORTION APPROXIMATIONS APPLICATION TO SHOCK-FREE FLOWS SHOCK RELATIONS FOR THE TURBULENT STRESSES MACH NUMBERS FOR TURBULENCE DNS AND LES HOMOGENEOUS DECAYING TURBULENCE TURBULENCE SUBJECTED TO CONSTANT SHEAR SPECTRA FOR COMPRESSIBLE TURBULENCE SHEAR FLOWS MODELING ISSUES MORKOVIN’S HYPOTHESIS SPACE, TIME, AND VELOCITY SCALES TEMPERATURE-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIPS EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PM = 1 ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PM ?= 1 REYNOLDS ANALOGY FOR MIXING LAYERS INCOMPRESSIBLE MIXING LAYER SCALING COMPRESSIBLE MIXING LAYERS CLASSI?CATION OF COMPRESSIBILITY E?ECTS CONVECTIVE MACH NUMBER SIMILARITY CONSIDERATIONS MEAN FLOW SCALING TURBULENT SHEAR STRESS SCALING SELF-PRESERVATION CONDITIONS TURBULENT NORMAL STRESSES SPACE-TIME CHARACTERISTICS 6 10 COMPRESSIBILITY AND MIXING 6 11 FINAL REMARKS BOUNDARY LAYER MEAN-FLOW BEHAVIOR VISCOUS SUBLAYER LOGARITHMIC REGION INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW COMPRESSIBLE FLOW LAW-OF-THE-WAKE SKIN-FRICTION RELATIONSHIPS POWER LAWS BOUNDARY LAYER TURBULENCE BEHAVIOR SCALING LAWS SPECTRAL SCALING FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW SPECTRAL SCALING FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW TURBULENCE DATA ORGANIZED MOTIONS INNER LAYER STRUCTURE OUTER LAYER STRUCTURE CORRELATIONS AND ENSEMBLE AVERAGES STRUCTURE ANGLE INTEGRAL SCALES EDDY MODELS OF TURBULENCE INNER-OUTER INTERACTIONS SUMMARY OF BOUNDARY LAYER EDDY STRUCTURE FINAL REMARKS PERTURBED BOUNDARY LAYERS PERTURBATION STRENGTH A STEP CHANGE IN WALL TEMPERATURE ADVERSE PRESSURE GRADIENTS FLOW OVER CONCAVELY CURVED WALLS RE?ECTED WAVE FLOWS TAYLOR-G¨ORTLER VORTICES FAVORABLE PRESSURE GRADIENTS SUCCESSIVE DISTORTIONS 10 SHOCK BOUNDARY LAYER INTERACTIONS 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 COMPRESSION CORNER INTERACTIONS 10 2 1 SKIN FRICTION 10 2 2 SEPARATION 10 2 3 UPSTREAM IN?UENCE 10 2 4 SHOCK MOTION 10 2 5 TURBULENCE AMPLI?CATION 10 2 6 THREE-DIMENSIONALITY 10 3 RAPID DISTORTION AND LINEAR METHODS 10 4 INCIDENT SHOCK INTERACTIONS 10 5 ISENTROPIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS 10 6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL INTERACTIONS 10 6 1 FLOW FIELD TOPOLOGY 10 6 2 SWEPT COMPRESSION CORNER INTERACTIONS 10 6 3 SHARP-FIN INTERACTIONS 10 6 4 BLUNT-FIN INTERACTIONS 10 7 CROSSING-SHOCK INTERACTIONS 10 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES