AEROTHERMODYNAMICS OF GAS TURBINE AND ROCKET PROPULSION

By P. JARAT

HYPERSONIC FLIGHT—SOME HISTORICAL FIRSTS HYPERSONIC FLOW—WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? HYPERSONIC FLOW—WHAT IS IT? FUNDAMENTAL SOURCES OF AERODYNAMIC FORCE AND AERODYNAMIC HEATING HYPERSONIC FLIGHT PATHS: VELOCITY-ALTITUDE MAP SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK PROBLEMS PART 1 INVISCID HYPERSONIC FLOW CHAPTER 2 HYPERSONIC SHOCK AND EXPANSION-WAVE RELATIONS INTRODUCTION BASIC HYPERSONIC SHOCK RELATIONS HYPERSONIC SHOCK RELATIONS IN TERMS OF THE HYPERSONIC SIMILARITY PARAMETER HYPERSONIC EXPANSION-WAVE RELATIONS SUMMARY AND COMMENTS PROBLEM CHAPTER 3 LOCAL SURFACE INCLINATION METHODS NEWTONIAN FLOW MODI?ED NEWTONIAN LAW CENTRIFUGAL FORCE CORRECTIONS TO NEWTONIAN THEORY NEWTONIAN THEORY—WHAT IT REALLY MEANS TANGENT-WEDGE TANGENT-CONE METHODS SHOCK-EXPANSION METHOD DESIGN EXAMPLE 3 1 CHAPTER 4 HYPERSONIC INVISCID FLOW?ELDS: APPROXIMATE METHODS GOVERNING EQUATIONS MACH-NUMBER INDEPENDENCE HYPERSONIC SMALL-DISTURBANCE EQUATIONS HYPERSONIC SIMILARITY HYPERSONIC SMALL-DISTURBANCE THEORY: SOME RESULTS COMMENT ON HYPERSONIC SMALL-DISTURBANCE THEORY HYPERSONIC EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE AND BLAST-WAVE THEORY THIN SHOCK-LAYER THEORY CHAPTER 5 HYPERSONIC INVISCID FLOW?ELDS: EXACT METHODS GENERAL THOUGHTS METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS TIME-MARCHING FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD: APPLICATION TO THE HYPERSONIC BLUNT-BODY PROBLEM CORRELATIONS FOR HYPERSONIC SHOCK-WAVE SHAPES SHOCK–SHOCK INTERACTIONS SPACE-MARCHING FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD: ADDITIONAL SOLUTIONS OF THE EULER EQUATIONS COMMENTS ON THE STATE OF THE ART DESIGN EXAMPLE 5 1 DESIGN EXAMPLE 5 2: HYPERSONIC WAVERIDERS—PART 1 PART 2 VISCOUS HYPERSONIC FLOW CHAPTER 6 VISCOUS FLOW: BASIC ASPECTS, BOUNDARY LAYER RESULTS, AND AERODYNAMIC HEATING GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR VISCOUS FLOW: NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS SIMILARITY PARAMETERS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS BOUNDARY-LAYER EQUATIONS FOR HYPERSONIC FLOW HYPERSONIC BOUNDARY-LAYER THEORY: SELF-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS NONSIMILAR HYPERSONIC BOUNDARY LAYERS HYPERSONIC TRANSITION HYPERSONIC TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER REFERENCE TEMPERATURE METHOD HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMIC HEATING: SOME COMMENTS AND APPROXIMATE RESULTS APPLIED TO HYPERSONIC VEHICLES ENTROPY-LAYER EFFECTS ON AERODYNAMIC HEATING DESIGN EXAMPLE 6 1 DESIGN EXAMPLE 6 2: HYPERSONIC WAVERIDERS—PART 2 CHAPTER 7 HYPERSONIC VISCOUS INTERACTIONS STRONG AND WEAK VISCOUS INTERACTIONS: DE?NITION AND DESCRIPTION ROLE OF X IN HYPERSONIC VISCOUS INTERACTION OTHER VISCOUS INTERACTION RESULTS HYPERSONIC SHOCK-WAVE/BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTIONS DESIGN EXAMPLE 7 1: HYPERSONIC WAVERIDERS—PART 3 CHAPTER 8 COMPUTATIONAL-FLUID-DYNAMIC SOLUTIONS OF HYPERSONIC VISCOUS FLOWS VISCOUS SHOCK-LAYER TECHNIQUE PARABOLIZED NAVIER–STOKES SOLUTIONS FULL NAVIER–STOKES SOLUTIONS PART 3 HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS DYNAMICS CHAPTER 9 HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS DYNAMICS: SOME INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS IMPORTANCE OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE FLOWS NATURE OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE FLOWS CHEMICAL EFFECTS IN AIR: THE VELOCITY-ALTITUDE MAP CHAPTER 10 SOME ASPECTS OF THE THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICALLY REACTING GASES (CLASSICAL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) INTRODUCTION: DE?NITION OF REAL GASES AND PERFECT GASES VARIOUS FORMS OF THE PERFECT-GAS EQUATION OF STATE VARIOUS DESCRIPTIONS OF THE COMPOSITION OF A GAS MIXTURE CLASSI?CATION OF GASES FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS CALCULATION OF ENTROPY GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND THE ENTROPY PRODUCED BY CHEMICAL NONEQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION OF EQUILIBRIUM CHEMICALLY REACTING MIXTURES: THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT HEAT OF REACTION CHAPTER 11 ELEMENTS OF STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF GASES COUNTING THE NUMBER OF MICROSTATES FOR A GIVEN MACROSTATE MOST PROBABLE MACROSTATE LIMITING CASE: BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION EVALUATION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN TERMS OF THE PARTITION FUNCTION EVALUATION OF THE PARTITION FUNCTION IN TERMS OF T AND V PRACTICAL EVALUATION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR A SINGLE CHEMICAL SPECIES CALCULATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM—SOME FURTHER COMMENTS CALCULATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE AIR THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AN EQUILIBRIUM CHEMICALLY REACTING GAS EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE AIR CHAPTER 12 ELEMENTS OF KINETIC THEORY PERFECT-GAS EQUATION OF STATE (REVISITED) COLLISION FREQUENCY AND MEAN FREE PATH VELOCITY AND SPEED DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS: MEAN VELOCITIES CHAPTER 13 CHEMICAL AND VIBRATIONAL NONEQUILIBRIUM VIBRATIONAL NONEQUILIBRIUM: THE VIBRATIONAL RATE EQUATION CHEMICAL NONEQUILIBRIUM: THE CHEMICAL RATE EQUATION CHEMICAL NONEQUILIBRIUM IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE AIR CHEMICAL NONEQUILIBRIUM IN H2-AIR MIXTURES CHAPTER 14 INVISCID HIGH-TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM FLOWS GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR INVISCID HIGH-TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM FLOW EQUILIBRIUM NORMAL AND OBLIQUE SHOCK-WAVE FLOWS EQUILIBRIUM QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL NOZZLE FLOWS FROZEN AND EQUILIBRIUM FLOWS: THE DISTINCTION EQUILIBRIUM AND FROZEN SPECI?C HEATS EQUILIBRIUM SPEED OF SOUND EQUILIBRIUM CONICAL FLOW EQUILIBRIUM BLUNT-BODY FLOWS DESIGN EXAMPLE 14 1: HYPERSONIC WAVERIDERS—PART 4 CHAPTER 15 INVISCID HIGH-TEMPERATURE NONEQUILIBRIUM FLOWS GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR INVISCID, NONEQUILIBRIUM FLOWS NONEQUILIBRIUM NORMAL AND OBLIQUE SHOCK-WAVE FLOWS NONEQUILIBRIUM QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL NOZZLE FLOWS NONEQUILIBRIUM BLUNT-BODY FLOWS BINARY SCALING NONEQUILIBRIUM FLOW OVER OTHER SHAPES: NONEQUILIBRIUM METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS CHAPTER 16 KINETIC THEORY REVISITED: TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE GASES DE?NITION OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA TRANSPORT COEF?CIENTS MECHANISM OF DIFFUSION ENERGY TRANSPORT BY THERMAL CONDUCTION AND DIFFUSION: TOTAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY TRANSPORT PROPERTIES FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE AIR CHAPTER 17 VISCOUS HIGH-TEMPERATURE FLOWS GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR CHEMICALLY REACTING VISCOUS FLOW ALTERNATE FORMS OF THE ENERGY EQUATION BOUNDARY-LAYER EQUATIONS FOR A CHEMICALLY REACTING GAS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: CATALYTIC WALLS BOUNDARY-LAYER SOLUTIONS: STAGNATION-POINT HEAT TRANSFER FOR A DISSOCIATING GAS BOUNDARY-LAYER SOLUTIONS: NONSIMILAR FLOWS VISCOUS-SHOCK-LAYER SOLUTIONS TO CHEMICALLY REACTING FLOW PARABOLIZED NAVIER–STOKES SOLUTIONS TO CHEMICALLY REACTING FLOWS FULL NAVIER–STOKES SOLUTIONS TO CHEMICALLY REACTING FLOWS CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCTION TO RADIATIVE GAS DYNAMICS DE?NITIONS OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN GASES RADIATIVE-TRANSFER EQUATION SOLUTIONS OF THE RADIATIVE-TRANSFER EQUATION: TRANSPARENT GAS SOLUTIONS OF THE RADIATIVE-TRANSFER EQUATION: ABSORBING GAS SOLUTIONS OF THE RADIATIVE-TRANSFER EQUATION: EMITTING AND ABSORBING GAS RADIATING FLOW?ELDS: SAMPLE RESULTS SURFACE RADIATIVE COOLING DESIGN EXAMPLE 18 1 POSTFACE REFERENCES