Women Education in 21St Century
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Education and the Practice Environment ........................................ 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Background and Rationale of the Study ................................................. 2 Social Work Education and Practice in the United States ........................ 4 Historical Development ......................................................................... 4 Social Work Today................................................................................. 4 Regulation of Practice: Registration, Certification and Licensure ........... 5 Social Work Professional Associations ................................................... 6 Reforms of Higher Education in E&E: Impact on Social Work ............... 7 Best Practice Model Applied to the Profession of Social Work ............... 7 Best Practices in Community-Based Social Work ................................... 8 Observations and Findings ..................................................................... 9 Legal and Policy Framework ................................................................. 9 Structure of Services and Practice Environment ....................................10 Education and Training .........................................................................13 Outcomes and Performance Measures ...................................................14 Recommendations ................................................................................. 14 Policy and Legal Framework ................................................................15 Structure of Services and the Practice Environment ...............................16 Human Capacity: Education and Training .............................................16 Performance Measures and Outcomes ...................................................17 Chapter 2 Global Standards for the Education and Training ........................ 19 International Definition of Social Work.................................................19 Preface xi vi Core Purposes of the Social Work Profession ........................................20 Standards Regarding the School’s Core Purpose or Mission Statement ....21 Standards Regarding Programme Objectives and Outcomes ..................21 Standards with Regard to Programme Curricula Including Field Education ............................................................................................. 22 Standards with Regard to Core Curricula ..............................................23 Standards with Regard to Professional Staff ..........................................25 Standards with Regard to Social Work Students ....................................26 Standards with Regard to Structure, Administration, Governance and Resources ....................................................................................... 26 Standards with Regard to Cultural and Ethnic Diversity and Gender Inclusiveness ............................................................................ 28 Standards with Regard to Values and Ethical Codes of Conduct of the Social Work Profession .........................................................................28 Process and Underlying Approach to Developing Global Standards ......29 Conclusion............................................................................................ 34 Chapter 3 Curriculum Transformation for Women........................................ 37 Meaning and Definition of Curriculum .................................................37 Definitions and Interpretations ..............................................................37 Principles of Curriculum Construction ..................................................44 Principle of Child Centeredness ............................................................44 Principle of Community Centeredness ..................................................44 Principle of Activity Centeredness ........................................................44 Principle of Variety ............................................................................... 45 Principle of Co-ordination and Integration ............................................45 Principles of Conservation ....................................................................45 Principle of Creativity ........................................................................... 45 Principle of Forward Looking ...............................................................45 Principle of Flexibility .......................................................................... 46 Principle of Balance .............................................................................. 46 Principle of Utility ................................................................................ 46 Students Centered ................................................................................. 46 Activity Centered.................................................................................. 49 Community Centered ............................................................................ 50 Forward Looking Principle ...................................................................52 Principles of Integration ........................................................................52 Theories of Curriculum Development ...................................................52 Conservative (Preservation of Culture)..................................................55 Relevance ............................................................................................. 55 Flexibility ............................................................................................. 55 Quality.................................................................................................. 56 vii Contextuality and Plurality ...................................................................56 Approaches to Curriculum ....................................................................58 Subject Centered ................................................................................... 59 Learner Centered .................................................................................. 60 Community Centered/Society-Centered Curriculum..............................61 Curriculum Framework .........................................................................65 Primary and Secondary Education ........................................................67 Australia ............................................................................................... 67 Canada .................................................................................................. 67 South Africa .......................................................................................... 67 South Korea .......................................................................................... 67 Japan .................................................................................................... 68 The Netherlands .................................................................................... 68 Nigeria .................................................................................................. 68 Sweden ................................................................................................. 68 Scotland................................................................................................ 69 United Kingdom ................................................................................... 69 United States ......................................................................................... 69 Higher Education .................................................................................. 69 Russia ................................................................................................... 70 United States ......................................................................................... 70 Curriculum Sources .............................................................................. 72 Factors Affecting Curriculum................................................................72 Integration of Physical Education with Other Sports Sciences .............138 Curriculum Research .......................................................................... 141 Objectives of Curriculum Research ..................................................... 141 Importance of Curriculum Research .................................................... 142 Evaluation of Curriculum.................................................................... 146 Methods o Evaluation ......................................................................... 146 Teaching Multilateralism across the Curriculum.................................. 148 Introduction ........................................................................................ 148 Changing Dimensions of School Literacies ......................................... 149 Chapter 4 Gender Differences in Education .................................................. 162 Natural Sex Differences ...................................................................... 162 Psychology ......................................................................................... 163 In the Workplace ................................................................................. 163 Deaths ................................................................................................ 163 Income Disparities Linked to Job Stratification ................................... 163 Professional Education and Careers .................................................... 166 Customer Preference Studies ............................................................... 167 Gender Pay Differences in the Medical Field ...................................... 167 At Home ............................................................................................. 167 Gender Roles in Parenting and Marriage ............................................. 167 Property Inheritance............................................................................ 170 Structural Marginalization................................................................... 170 Gender Stereotypes ............................................................................. 170 Biological Fertilization Stereotypes..................................................... 170 Sexism and Discrimination ................................................................. 170 In the Criminal Justice System............................................................ 171 Impact and Counteractions .................................................................. 171 Variations by Country or Culture ........................................................ 172 Asia .................................................................................................... 172 Cambodia ........................................................................................... 173 Europe ................................................................................................ 173 India ................................................................................................... 174 United States ....................................................................................... 174 Differences in Education ..................................................................... 177 Statistics ............................................................................................. 177 Forms of Sex Discrimination in Education .......................................... 178 Consequences of Sex Discrimination in Education .............................. 182 Gender Gap in Literacy ....................................................................... 183 The Gender Gap and Homeschooled Children ..................................... 185 Sex Differences in Academics ............................................................. 185 Gender Inequality in Curricula ............................................................ 186 Curriculum Language and Gender ....................................................... 186 Curriculum Structure and Gender ........................................................ 187 Content of Instructional Materials and Gender .................................... 187 A Gender Equal Curriculum................................................................ 187 Approaches in Preventing Gender Inequality and School-related Gender-based Violence ....................................................................... 188 Gender Mainstreaming in Teacher Education Policy ........................... 190 Context and Process ............................................................................ 190 Chapter 5 Education of Girls at Elementary Level ....................................... 193 Introduction ........................................................................................ 193 Female Literacy Status ........................................................................ 194 Enrolment of Girls .............................................................................. 194 Enrolment of Scheduled Tribes (ST) Girls ........................................... 195 Drop out of Girls ................................................................................ 195 Female Teacher ................................................................................... 195 In-service Training of Female Teacher ................................................ 195 Girls’ Toilet (Basic Facility) ................................................................ 196 Policy Initiatives for Girls Education at Elementary Level .................. 196 viii Constitutional Provisions .................................................................... 196 Important Committees and Commissions on Girls’ Education .............197 Five – Year Plans and Girls’ Education................................................ 198 The Policy Perspective........................................................................ 200 Major Programmes and Initiatives to Enhance Participation of Girls at Elementary Levels .................................................................. 201 Girls Education: Constraints and Barriers............................................ 202 Barriers to Girls’ Education................................................................. 202 Gender Sensitization of Teachers and the Community ......................... 203 Methodology ...................................................................................... 204 Strategies to Promote Girls Education at Elementary Level ................. 208 Strategies ............................................................................................ 208 Chapter 6 Women Education and Empowerment ......................................... 213 Introduction ........................................................................................ 213 History................................................................................................ 214 Feminist Theory.................................................................................. 239 Movements and Ideologies.................................................................. 240 Demographics ..................................................................................... 241 Sexuality............................................................................................. 242 Science ............................................................................................... 243 Culture................................................................................................ 244 Politics ................................................................................................ 248 Societal Impact ................................................................................... 250 Reactions ............................................................................................ 253 Female Education ............................................................................... 254 Issues .................................................................................................. 255 History................................................................................................ 257 Catholic Tradition ............................................................................... 273 Bibliography ..................................................................................... 274 Index ................................................................................................. 278