World History

By Robin Wagner & Rowan Allen

Chapter 1 The World during Nineteenth Century ............................................ 1 Overview ................................................................................................... 1 Eras ............................................................................................................ 3 Industrial Revolution ................................................................................. 3 Regency era ............................................................................................. 38 Bourbon Restoration ................................................................................ 41 Belle Époque ........................................................................................... 54 Edo Period ............................................................................................... 54 Qing Dynasty ........................................................................................... 62 Joseon ...................................................................................................... 68 Tanzimat .................................................................................................. 81 Manifest Destiny ..................................................................................... 87 Events ...................................................................................................... 88 Chapter 2 First World War .............................................................................. 103 Names .................................................................................................... 105 Background ............................................................................................ 105 Political and Military Alliances ............................................................. 105 Arms Race ............................................................................................. 106 Conflicts in the Balkans ......................................................................... 106 Prelude ................................................................................................... 107 Sarajevo Assassination .......................................................................... 107 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................... 107 Preface xi July Crisis .............................................................................................. 107 Progress of the War ................................................................................ 109 Opening Hostilities ................................................................................ 109 Western Front ........................................................................................ 111 Naval War .............................................................................................. 113 Southern Theatres .................................................................................. 114 Eastern Front ......................................................................................... 119 Central Powers Peace Overtures ............................................................ 120 Allied Victory: Summer 1918 Onwards ................................................ 126 Aftermath ............................................................................................... 129 Formal End of the War .......................................................................... 129 Peace Treaties and National Boundaries ............................................... 129 National Identities ................................................................................. 131 Health Effects ........................................................................................ 132 Technology ............................................................................................ 133 Ground Warfare ..................................................................................... 133 Naval ...................................................................................................... 134 Aviation ................................................................................................. 135 War Crimes ............................................................................................ 135 Baralong Incidents ................................................................................. 135 Chemical Weapons in Warfare ............................................................... 136 Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing ............................................................. 137 Rape of Belgium .................................................................................... 137 Soldiers’ Experiences ............................................................................ 138 Prisoners of War .................................................................................... 138 Military Attachés and War Correspondents ........................................... 139 Support and Opposition to the War ....................................................... 139 Support .................................................................................................. 139 Opposition ............................................................................................. 140 Diplomacy ............................................................................................. 142 Legacy and Memory .............................................................................. 143 Historiography ....................................................................................... 143 Memorials .............................................................................................. 143 Cultural Memory ................................................................................... 144 Social Trauma ........................................................................................ 145 Discontent in Germany .......................................................................... 145 Economic Effects ................................................................................... 146 Chapter 3 Third Republic of France ............................................................... 149 Politics ................................................................................................... 150 Parliamentary Monarchy ....................................................................... 151 The Ordre Moral Government ............................................................... 151 vi The Opportunist Republicans ................................................................ 152 Boulanger Crisis .................................................................................... 152 Panama Scandal ..................................................................................... 153 The Welfare State and Public Health ..................................................... 153 Dreyfus Affair ........................................................................................ 154 Social History ........................................................................................ 155 Newspapers ............................................................................................ 155 Modernization of the Peasants ............................................................... 156 Consumerism and the City Department Store ....................................... 157 The Radicals’ Republic .......................................................................... 157 Church and State .................................................................................... 158 Foreign Policy ....................................................................................... 160 1871–1900 ............................................................................................. 160 1900–1914 ............................................................................................. 161 Overseas Colonies ................................................................................. 162 First World War ..................................................................................... 162 Peace and Revenge ................................................................................ 163 Interwar Period ...................................................................................... 164 Great Depression ................................................................................... 164 Foreign Policy ....................................................................................... 165 The Popular Front .................................................................................. 165 Conservatism ......................................................................................... 166 Relations with Catholicism .................................................................... 167 Downfall of the Third Republic ............................................................. 167 Interpreting the Third Republic ............................................................. 168 Historiography of Decadence ................................................................ 169 Timeline to 1914 .................................................................................... 171 Chapter 4 Hitler and Nazi Party ..................................................................... 174 Early Years ............................................................................................. 175 Ancestry ................................................................................................. 175 Childhood and Education ...................................................................... 176 Early Adulthood in Vienna and Munich ................................................ 177 World War I ........................................................................................... 177 Entry into Politics .................................................................................. 178 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison ................................................ 180 Rebuilding the NSDAP ......................................................................... 181 Rise to Power ......................................................................................... 182 Brüning Administration ......................................................................... 182 Appointment as Chancellor ................................................................... 183 Reichstag fire and March Elections ....................................................... 183 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act ................................................... 184 vii Dictatorship ........................................................................................... 184 World War II .......................................................................................... 186 Early Diplomatic Successes .................................................................. 186 Start of World War II ............................................................................. 187 Path to Defeat ........................................................................................ 190 Defeat and Death ................................................................................... 191 The Holocaust ........................................................................................ 192 Leadership Style .................................................................................... 194 Legacy ................................................................................................... 195 Views on Religion ................................................................................. 196 Health .................................................................................................... 196 Family .................................................................................................... 197 Nazi Party .............................................................................................. 198 History ................................................................................................... 198 Origins and Early Existence: 1918–1923 .............................................. 198 Rise to Power: 1925–1933..................................................................... 203 After Taking Power: Intertwining of Party and State ............................ 207 Defeat and Abolition .............................................................................. 208 Political Programme .............................................................................. 209 Party Composition ................................................................................. 209 Command Structure ............................................................................... 209 Nazi Party Offices ................................................................................. 210 Paramilitary Groups ............................................................................... 211 Affiliated Organizations ........................................................................ 211 Regional Administration ........................................................................ 212 Nazi Party Gaue ..................................................................................... 213 Gaue Dissolved before 1945 ................................................................. 218 Associated Organizations Abroad ......................................................... 220 Membership ........................................................................................... 220 General Membership ............................................................................. 220 Military Membership ............................................................................. 221 Student Membership .............................................................................. 221 Women Membership .............................................................................. 221 Membership Outside Germany .............................................................. 221 Party Symbols ........................................................................................ 222 Chapter 5 Fascism and Italy ............................................................................ 223 Principal Beliefs .................................................................................... 224 Nationalism ............................................................................................ 224 Totalitarianism ....................................................................................... 235 Corporatist Economics .......................................................................... 236 Age and Gender Roles ........................................................................... 236 viii Tradition ................................................................................................ 237 Doctrine ................................................................................................. 239 Conditions Precipitating Fascism .......................................................... 241 Nationalist Discontent ........................................................................... 241 Labour Unrest ........................................................................................ 242 Fascism Empowered .............................................................................. 242 Economy ................................................................................................ 243 Relations with the Catholic Church ....................................................... 245 Influence Outside Italy .......................................................................... 246 Italian Fascist Intellectuals .................................................................... 246 Chapter 6 Russian Revolution ......................................................................... 248 Background ............................................................................................ 249 Economic and Social Changes .............................................................. 251 Political Issues ....................................................................................... 253 World War I ........................................................................................... 254 February Revolution .............................................................................. 256 October Revolution ............................................................................... 260 Russian Civil War .................................................................................. 261 Execution of the Imperial Family .......................................................... 262 The Revolution and the World ............................................................... 263 Historiography ....................................................................................... 263 Chronology ............................................................................................ 263 Chronology of Events Leading to the Revolution ................................. 263 Chronology of the 1917 Revolutions .................................................... 265 Chapter 7 Washington Conference and East Asia ......................................... 267 Background ............................................................................................ 267 Meeting .................................................................................................. 268 Policies Agreed Upon ............................................................................ 269 Results ................................................................................................... 269 Termination ............................................................................................ 270 Chapter 8 The Second World War .................................................................. 271 Chronology ............................................................................................ 272 Background ............................................................................................ 273 Europe .................................................................................................... 273 Asia ........................................................................................................ 274 Pre-war Events ....................................................................................... 275 Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) ....................................................... 275 Spanish Civil War (1936–39) ................................................................ 275 Japanese invasion of China (1937) ........................................................ 275 ix Soviet–Japanese Border Conflicts ......................................................... 276 European Occupations and Agreements ................................................ 276 Course of the War .................................................................................. 277 War Breaks Out in Europe (1939–40) ................................................... 277 Western Europe (1940–41) .................................................................... 278 Mediterranean (1940–41) ...................................................................... 280 Axis Attack on the USSR (1941) ........................................................... 281 War Breaks out in the Pacific (1941) ..................................................... 282 Axis Advance Stalls (1942–43) ............................................................. 284 Allies Gain Momentum (1943–44) ....................................................... 287 Allies close in (1944) ............................................................................. 288 Axis Collapse, Allied Victory (1944–45) .............................................. 289 Aftermath ............................................................................................... 291 Impact .................................................................................................... 293 Casualties and War Crimes .................................................................... 293 Genocide, Concentration Camps, and Slave Labour ............................. 294 Occupation ............................................................................................. 295 Home Fronts and Production ................................................................. 295 Advances in Technology and Warfare ................................................... 296